Strasbourg, 14 February 2006                                                         T-PVS/Emerald (2006) 1

[T-PVS/Emerald01e_06 ]                                                                                                English only

CONVENTION ON THE conservation of EUROPEAN wildlife

and natural habitats

Group of Experts for the setting up

of the Emerald Network of Areas of Special Conservation Interest

---ooOoo---

Emerald Network Pilot Project in Serbia and Montenegro

- Report-

Document established by

the Malta Environment & Planning Authority

                           

 ESTABLISHING  EMERALD NETWORK IN SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO

                                                                                      Prepared by Ana Pajević

                                   Ministry of environmental protection and physical planning

Podgorica, Montenegro

                                                       December, 2005

TABLE OF CONTEST

- Background

- Emerald Network in Serbia and Montenegro

- Emerald Network project team

- List of Emerald team

- Activities carry out in a framework of pilot project

-  List of nature conservation designation types according to national     legislation

- List of endangered natural habitats requiring specific conservation measures            in Serbia and Montenegro (Resolution No 4 (1996))

- List of species requiring specific habitat conservation measures in Serbia       and Montenegro (Resolution No. 6 (1998) of the Standing Committee

- List of biogeographical zones in country

- Selection of potential Areas of Special Conservation Interest (ASCI)

- Problems and solutions

- Follow up activities

- Proposal for expansion of Emerald species list

- Annex 1. List of endangered natural habitats requiring specific conservation             measures in Serbia and Montenegro (Resolution No. 4 (1996)

- Annex 2. List of species requiring specific habitat conservation measures in   Serbia and Montenegro (Resolution No. 6 (1998) of the Standing    Committee

- Annex 3. Maps of selected site in Serbia and Montenegro

- Annex 4. Proposal for expansion of Emerald species list

- Annex 5. Workplan of project acitivities

- Annex 6. Financial statement of expenditure with the breakdown of the costs

Background

The territory of Serbia and Montenegro (SCG), with an area of 102,173 km², makes only 0.07% of the entire world’s land, and 2.1% of the European continent.  Along a 600 km horizontal transect, from the Montenegrin coast in the southwest through Pannonian Plain (Vojvodina) in the north, and along the vertical transect in the mountains of Serbia and Montenegro, segments/equivalents of almost all major European zonobiomes are represented (Mediterranean evergreen forests along the Adriatic coast, sub-Mediterranean mixed-deciduous forests and scrubs in Mediterranean hinterlands, deciduous forests in lowland, hilly and montane zones, boreal-type forests in subalpine belts, steppes and forest-steppes in Vojvodina; also, the high-alpine and oro-Mediterranean "oro-biomes" above the timber line in high-montane regions). In more generalized respect, 5 out of the 12 principal terrestrial biomes of the world may be distinguished, and the complex of marine biota may be regarded as the sixth biome.

Serbia and Montenegro may be divided into four distinct geographical/orographic entities:

§  Northern lowland part, belonging to the Pannonian Plain;

§  Central part – mountains, hills and valleys of the Balkan mainland; and

§  Adriatic coast in Montenegro;

§  Adriatic Sea.

Biogeographically, the territory of Serbia and Montenegro may be divided into the five regions (Mediterranean, Central European, Pontic-Southsiberian, Circum-boreal and Central-South-European montane regions), 8 subregions and 20 provinces (STEVANOVIĆ, 1995).

It is situated between three principal eco-climatic regions of Europe: northern (boreal and temperate), eastern (Pontic) and southern (Mediterranean). General biogeographical characteristics are locally modified and diversified by varied orographic and petrographic composition of the territory, as well as by complex history of the flora and fauna, during the late Tertiary and Pleistocene, resulting in the complex composition of the biota and ecosystems, and their mosaic distribution.  The territory of Serbia and Montenegro encompasses some of the most important Ice Age refuge regions of Europe.  Southern location of Yugoslav territorial waters, within the Adriatic Sea Basin, accounts for the relatively great diversity of marine biota.

Being located in the central part of the Balkan Peninsula bordering south-eastern Pannonian Plain, at the crossroads of varying biogeographical impacts and routes, the biota in Serbia and Montenegro are, generally, very rich and varied, relative to the other countries and regions in Europe of comparable size.  As usual, when such large and diversified segments of biota are considered, the availability of the basic information on the floristic/faunal composition, distribution, basic taxonomy, etc. is quite heterogeneous, hence the reliability of diverse conclusions is also variable.

Serbia and Montenegro is among the floristically most diverse parts of the Balkan Peninsula, comparable only to Greece and Bulgaria.  According to the international criteria of IUCN-WMC, the territory of FR Serbia and Montenegro, together with the mountainous area of Bulgaria, represents one of the six European and one of the 153 world’s centres of floristic diversity.  Within its territory, 44.28% of the native mosses and 38.93% of the vascular plants of Europe are found; it comprises about 60% of plant species in the flora of the Balkan Peninsula (7,500).

According to the most recent estimates, flora of Serbia and Montenegro comprises around 1,400 species of freshwater algae, 1,500 species of marine algae, 565 species of mosses, and 4,182 taxa (3,905 species and 277 subspecies, classified in 888 genera and 157 families) of vascular plants, which places Serbia and Montenegro among European countries with the greatest floristic diversity and density per unit area (Tab. 1).  The extraordinary taxonomical richness of the Yugoslav vascular flora is obvious in comparison with that of the whole of Europe, which comprises some 11,000 species, in 1,541 genera and 203 families.  In addition to the plants, some 516 species of lichens are recorded, and the mycoflora includes around 1,000 recorded species of macromycetes (the latter estimated at 3,500-4,500 species).

The share of endemic, endemo-relict and relict plants greatly contribute to the richness and diversity of the flora of Serbia and Montenegro, being specific and different from other parts of Europe.  The number of Balkan endemics in Serbia and Montenegro is particularly great, amounting to 392 taxa (species or subspecies), which accounts for 9.15% of the flora of Serbia and Montenegro.

The predominant kind of endemism in Serbia and Montenegro, as well as in the Balkans generally, is the high-mountain one. The greatest diversity centres of endemic flora are mainly high mountains, such as Prokletije, Šar-Planina, Koritnik, Paštrik, Kopaonik, Stara Planina and Suva Planina, with 31-90 endemic species recorded per 100 sq km (UTM 10 x 10 km).  In addition to high-mountain endemism, the edaphic endemism i.e. that related to particular bedrock is also great.  Of special interest are serpentine habitats, particularly in W. and C. Serbia and Metohia, inhabited with ophiolitic endemic flora.

Of particular global significance and great scientific interest are endemics restricted to the territory of Serbia and Montenegro – the local endemics; there are 87 locally endemic plants, that makes ca 2% of the total vascular flora of Serbia and Montenegro, or 22% of the total endemic flora of Serbia and Montenegro. Particularly large number of locally endemic plants inhabit the mountains of Prokletije and Šar-Planina. Among local endemics, of particular significance are those belonging to endemic Balkan genera, like: Pancicia (P. serbica), Protoedraianthus (P. tarae), Petteria (P. rhamentacea), Halascya (H. sendtneri), Amphoricarpus (A. neumayeri, A. autariatus, A. bertisceus); also, some subendemic genera are also very important, particularly Ramonda (R. serbica, R. nathaliae) and Edraianthus (ca. 20 Balkan endemics).

Local endemics are mostly of Tertiary origin (paleostenoendemics, endemo-relicts). Generally, relicts in the vascular flora of Serbia and Montenegro are of particular importance as potential genetical resources.  These ancient plants are principally distributed in southern areas, scattered throughout the Mediterranean, but in only a few other parts of Europe.  In Serbia and Montenegro they occupy specific habitats, primarily canyons, gorges and mountain tops, as well as the remaining enclaves of steppe regions in Vojvodina.  According to their age of origin, the relicts are classified into Tertiary, glacial, boreal, and xerothermal elements.

The basic knowledge about the diversity of many animal taxa, and in particular, about the status of threat, is rather scanty, with the exception of a limited number of groups – principally the vertebrates, butterflies, and a few others (Tab. 2).

The estimated number of insects (>37,000) is certainly among the highest in Europe, but these numbers can not be appropriately verified (except for the best studied groups and some general numeric regularities); nevertheless, entomofauna comprise as much as 30 (out of about 35 known) insect orders and over 70% of known insect families.  The number of the so far examined non-insect invertebrates is estimated to be approximately 15,000. About 465 fish (Chondrichthyes and Osteicthyes) and lampreys (Cephalaspidomorpha) species were recorded in the waters of Serbia and Montenegro, of which some 115 species live in freshwaters and more than 405 in the Adriatic Sea.  There are 70 species of amphibians and reptiles, 382 species of birds and 96 species of terrestrial mammals that were also recorded within the territory of Serbia and Montenegro.

Out of stated 382 species of birds, which are either regularly, occasionally or potentially present in Serbia and Montenegro, the number of regularly occurring species is 333, of which there are 260 species of breeding birds; comparing this parameter, as most relevant for biodiversity assessments, with the total of 300 species of breeding birds in the whole of the Balkan Peninsula, we may conclude that Serbia and Montenegro supports 87% of Balkan diversity, the percentage which is much higher than in many other countries.  Similarly, we may establish that Serbia and Montenegro harbours 51.16% of the European fish fauna, 74.03% of the European birds and 67.61% of the European mammals.  The percentage for the amphibians and reptiles (combined) is somewhat less remarkable – 25.27%, but this is largely due to the extremely great faunistic riches of some small periphery areas of Europe; otherwise, just a few individual countries have the number of taxa similar to Serbia and Montenegro (Italy and Greece – 74 species each, Spain – 66).

Emerald Network in Serbia and Montenegro

A Pilot Project was launched in January 2005 in order to start the implementation of the Emerald Network in Serbia and Montenegro, under the responsibility of the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning Republic of Montenegro.

Serbia and Montenegro is in the process of ratification of the Bern Convention and has taken fully into consideration the provisions of the Convention and in particular Recommendation No. 16 (1989) and Resolution No. 3 (1996).  The Emerald Pilot Project is intended to serve as a ground for accelerating the process of accession of Serbia and Montenegro to the Bern Convention and can be used to define more areas of national importance for nature conservation.

Emerald Network project team

The national Emerald network team was formed after signing the project contract. The team consists of 28 experts.  The team was mainly based on capacity from Institute for nature protection, University of natural sciences and Natural history museum from both republics.  The project team leader and technical expert is representative of the Ministries of Environment, which is responsible for project implementation.

List of Emerald team:

      Republic of Montenegro

1. Ana Pajević, team leader
2. M.Sc. Snežana Vuksanović, flora expert
3. M.Sc. Snežana Dragićević, flora expert
4. M.Sc. Sead Hadžiablahović, flora expert
5. M.Sc. Danka Petrović, flora expert
6. M.Sc. Vesna Mačić, marine biologiest
7. M.Sc. Vasilije Bušković, protected area expert
8. Darko Saveljić, ornithologiest
9. M.Sc. Gordana Kasom, micologiest
10. M.Sc.Jelena Nikcevic, entomologiest

Republic of Serbia

11. Ph.Dr Dmitar Lakušić, botanist and habitat expert
12. Ph.Dr Lidija Amidžić, botanist, protected area expert
13. Ph.Dr Aleksandar Ćetković, entomologiest
14. Ph.Dr Predrag Jakšić, entomologiest
15. M.Sc Gordana Tomović, botanist
16. M.Sc Srdjan Stamenković, mammologist
17. M.Sc Marjan Niketić, botanist
18. M.Sc Jasmina Šinžar-Sekulić, GIS expert
19. Dijana Žukovec, technical assistent
20. Irena Djalić, technical assistent
21. Dragan Pavićević, entomologiest
22. Nataša Pil, entomologiest
23. Nenad Sekulić, ihtyologist, protected area expert
24. Rastko Ajtić, herpetologist
25. Danko Jović, herpetologist
26. Goran Sekulić, ornitologiest
27. Nikola Stojnić, ornitologiest
28. Jelena Dučić-technical expert

Activities carry out in a framework of pilot project

The Emerald Workshop

The workshop was held on 26-27 April 2005 in Podgorica, Republic of Montenegro in order to introduce the national team to the principle and technical aspects of the Emerald network and organize training for the team.  The session was managed by working presidency: Ms.Ana Pajevic, project manager for the Emerald network in S&M, Mr. Eladio Fernandez Galiano and Mr. Mark Roekaerts from the Council of Europe.

Mr. Eladio Fernandez Galiano presented a hole activities of the Council of Europe and explained the legal framework of the Emerald network and the criteria for selection of ASCI and introduced the following relevant Emerald documentation.

Mr. Mark Roekaerts, expert for Emerald software presented the final version of the Emerald network software and explained step by step the introduction of data into the software by interactive work on a specific task.

Also, a representative from the Ministry of science and environmental protection, Republic of Serbia and a representative from the Institute for nature protection, Republic of Montenegro gave a detailed overview of biodiversity conditions and the legislative framework in respective republics.

The software was installed both in the Institute for nature protection in the Republic of Montenegro and in the Institute for nature protection in the Republic of Serbia.

List of nature conservation designation types according to national legislation

In Serbia and Montenegro, several laws regulate nature protection on a republican level, such as the Environment Law, Law on Nature Protection, Law on coastal zones, the Law on National Parks and the Directive on protection of natural rarities.

 

There are no overall strategic documents on biodiversity management or a policy in terms of nature conservation.

There are 5 national parks in Serbia[1], and 4 national parks in Montenegro and larger number of protected areas.

A total of 8.836.100 ha or 5.93%  of the Serbian territory is under protection regime ( 5 national parks, 72 nature reserves, 13 natural parks, 31 cultural and historical important areas, 13 landscape and 256 monuments of nature).  The Landscape Spatial Plane of the Republic of Serbia (1996) projects planned to protect 10% of the territory by the year 2010.  In Serbia national legislation currently provides for the protection of 215 plant and 427 animal species.

A total of 98,570 ha or 7.14% of the Montenegrins territory is under protection regime (4 national park, 4 reserves of nature and 51 monuments of nature).  The most important natural resources in Montenegro are 4 national parks.  In Montenegro national legislation currently provides for the protection of 314 animal and 57 plant species.

A number of nature areas have been recognized as internationally significant.   Among these are the Obed Swamps and the Ludas Lake, Skadar Lake and Carska bara - Stari Begej and Slano Kopovo (Ramsar Wetland of International Significance). Others include the Durmitor-National Park, which includes part of the Tara River Canyon and the Kotor-Risan-Bay (a World Natural Heritage site), the Tara River Basin (UNESCO-MAB) and the Golija Biosphere Reserve (UNESCO MAB). 

Protected Areas (PA), at present in Montenegro

(i) PAs by national legislature

Name and national category of the PAs	IUCN mangm category	Area (hectares)	Percentage of the State territry (13.812 km2)
National parks	II	83.000	6,01%
Skadar lake	II	40.000
Lovćen	II	6.400
Durmitor	II	31.200
Biogradska gora	II	5.400
Nature monuments	III / V	7.733	0.6%
Gorge Đalovića	III / V	1.600
Cave Lipska	III / V	/
Cave Magara	III / V	/
Cave Globočica	III / V	/
Cave near to Trnovo / Virpazar	III / V	/
Cave Babatuša	III / V	/
Cave Novakovića near to Tomaševo	III / V	/
Pothole Duboki do in Njegušima	III / V	/
Canyon of Piva river  (downstream of the dam Mratinje)	III / V	1.700
Canyon of Komarnica river	III / V	2.300
Association of Pinetum mughi montenegrinum located at Ljubišnja (1.000ha) , Durmitor (5.200ha) and Bjelasica (400ha)	III / V	1.000
Association of Pinus heldraichii) located at Orjen (300ha), Lovćen (300ha) and Rumija (100ha)	III / V	400
Beaches at the Skadar lake shore	III / V	/
Beach Velika Ulcinjska	III / V	600
Beach Mala Ulcinjska	III / V	1,5
Beach Valdanos	III / V	3
Beach Velji pijesak	III / V	0,5
Beach Topolica, Bar	III / V	2
Beach Sutomore	III / V	4
Beach Lučica, Petrovac	III / V	0,9
Beach Čanj	III / V	3,5
Beach Pećin	III / V	1,5
Beach Buljarica	III / V	4
Petrovačka Beach	III / V	1,5
Beach Drobni pijesak	III / V	1
Beach Sveti Stefan	III / V	4
Beach Miločer	III / V	1
Becicka Beach	III / V	5
Beach Slovenska, Budva	III / V	4
Beach Mogren	III / V	2
Beach Jaz	III / V	4
Beach Pržno	III / V	2
Hill Savinska Dubrava in Herceg Novi	III / V	35,46
Botanical reserve of laurel and oleandera above the spring Sopot near to Risan	III / V	40
Botanical garden of the mountain flora in Kolašin	III / V	0,64
Botanical garden of general Kovačević in Grahovo	III / V	0,93
Park “13 jul”, and “Njegošev park” in Cetinje	III / V	7,83
Park near to hotel Boka in Herceg Novi	III / V	1,2
City park in Tivat	III / V	3
Park of the Castle at Topolica	III / V	2
Areas of Exeptional Natural Values	III	322,5	0,02%
Hill Spas above Budva	III	131
Cape Ratac with Žukotrljica	III	30
Island Stari Ulcinj	III	2,5
Hill Trebjesa, Nikšić	III	159
Other PAs  – protected by municipality regulations	III	15.000	1.08%
Kotor – Risan bay, Municipality Kotor	III	15.000
Nature Reserves	I	500	0.03%
- In NP Skadar lake: Manastirska tapija, Pančeva oka, Crni žar, Grmožur i Omerova gorica	I	420
- In NP Durmitor: Crna Poda	I	80
In TOTAL, under national protection		106.655	7.72%

Protected Areas by international legislature

Name and internationa categoty of the PAs	Area (hectares)	Percentage of the State territry (13.812 km2)
a) Tare River basin – The World Biosphere Reserve - M&B, UNESCO including  b) NP Durmitor with canyon of Tara River, protected as World Heritage site – UNESCO(natural)	182.899
Kotor-Risani bay -  World Heritage site – UNESCO (cultural) including Town Kotor as an endangered  World Heritage site	15.000
Skadar lake  – Ramsar site (area of the Nacionalni Park)	40.000
In TOTAL, under international protection	237.899	17,2%

Planned[2] Protected Areas

Protected area	IUCN mngm. categor.	Area (hectares)	Percentage of State territory (13.812 km2)
National Parks	II	14.000
Prokletije	II	14.000
Regional Parks	III	124.200
Orjen mt.	III	19.000
Rumija mt.	III	12.200
Komovi mt.	III	21.000
Sinjajevina mt with Šaranci	III	42.400
Maglic, Bioc & Volujak mts	III	7.200
Ljubišnja mt.	III	7.800
Turjak mt and Hajla mt	III	14.600
Natural monuments	III (alt V)Š1Ć	>2.000 (č5.800)
Platije – middle part of Canyon Moraca River	III	Has not been defined, yet
Cijevna river Canyon up to village Dinosa	III	2.000
Mala Rijeka River Canyon	III	Has not been defined, yetŠ2Ć
Protected Landscapes	III	117.300
Visitor & Zeletin mts	III	31.000
Beech forests on Obzovica mt.	III	300
Catchment Area of Moraca River	III	86.000
In total, planned PAs                                                          257.500 (č261.300)			18,9%

Protected Areas (PA), at present in Serbia

Category A

Zaštićena prirodna baština /Protected areas	Number	Area ( ha)
1. Nacionalni parkovi National parks     2. Parkovi prirode Nature parks     3. predeli izuzetnih odlika Areas of Exeptional Natural Values	5 15 15	159986 238135 32026
4. Strogi  rezervati prirode Strict Nature Reserves       5.Specijalni rezervati prirode Special Nature Reserves	50 20	2402 81427
6.SPOMENICI PRIRODE  Nature monuments         6.a. Dendro-botanički/ dendro-botanical: (znamenita stabla i grupe stabala/tree-monument and tree groups, drvoredi/alley, park šume/park-wood, botanički lokaliteti/botanical locality, parkovi/parks, male šumske sastojine/ small wood content)	282 221	7779
6.b.Objekti geo-nasledja/ Natural monument of geological features: (klisure i kanjon/ gorge and canyon, pećine i kraške jame/caves and carst pit, izvori i vrela/spring, prerasti i prozorci/overgrow, vidikovci/viewing spot,drugi oblici reljefa/other shape of relievo, značajna geološka mesta/important geological areas)	60
7. KULTURNO-ISTORIJSKI PREDELI Areas of cultural   and historical significance      (memorijalni prirodni spomenici  prostori oko nepokretnih      kulturnih dobara/ Memorial natural monument and Natural area around cultural heritage site or monument	37	3565
Total	424	524320

Category B:

ZAŠTIĆENE VRSTE DIVLJE FLORE I FAUNE/PROTECTED WILD FLORA AND FAUNA SPECIES –Regulation of the Governament about protection of natural rarities (1993) and Regulation of the Governament puting under control of using and trade wild flora and fauna  (2005)

1.PRIRODNE RETKOSTI/ NATURAL  RARITIES PLANT SPECIES: 215 taxa species and sub- species wild flora, 427 taxa wild fauna.

2. KONTROLISANE VRSTE/CONTROL SPCIES: 3 specis of lichen , 15 fungi species, 152 planta species and 9 fauna species.

List of endangered natural habitats requiring specific conservation measures in Serbia and Montenegro (Resolution No. 4 (1996))

According to Resolution No. 6 (1998) of the Standing Committee national team have identified 315 endangered natural habitat in Serbia and Montenegro.

See Annex 1. of this report.

List of species requiring specific habitat conservation measures in Serbia and Montenegro (Resolution No. 6 (1998) of the Standing Committee)

According to Resolution No 4 (1996) national team have identified 199 fauna species and 24 flora species in Serbia and Montenegro.

See Annex 2. of this report.

List of biogeographical zones in country

Following biogeographical regions are present in Serbia and Montenegro:

- Panonnian

- Continental

- Alpine

- Mediterranean.

Selection of potential Areas of Special Conservation Interest (ASCI)

After identification of Emerald species listed in Resolution No.6 (1998) and Emerald habitat listed in Resolution No. 4 (1996) present in Serbia and Montenegro, potential Areas of Special Conservation Interest (ASCI) were selected based on the criteria listed in the Recommendation No. 16 (1989).

The selected sites are:

1. National park ’’Durmitor’’ with basin of Tara river, UNESCO World Natural Heritage List, 32.000 ha
2. National park ’’Kopaonik’’, IBA site, IPA site, PBA site, 31.386 ha
3. National park ’’Skadarsko jezero’’, Ramsar site, 40.000 ha
4. Beach Velika ulcinjska and Solana, monument of nature, 2.068 ha
5. Gorge Dajlovic, monument of nature,1.600 ha
6. Deliblatska peščara send-pit, special nature reserves, IBA site, IPA site, 35.837 ha
7. Wetland of Obedska bara, special nature reserves, Ramsar site, IBA site, IPA site, 9.863 ha
8. Area of Gornje podunavlje, special nature reserves, IBA site, IPA site, PBA site, 19.378 ha
9. Metohijske Prokletije, in process of protection, IBA site, IPA site, PBA site, 155.396 ha
10. Vlasina, in process of protection, IBA site, IPA site 8.612 ha

Sites have been chosen with total area of 336.113 ha.

For each of the mentioned sites a special Standard data form was filed to the Emerald software version 2.0.

See Annex 3. Map of selected site in Serbia and Montenegro.

-Problems and solutions

During the realization of Emerald pilot project national team identified some problems:

-          Lack of data base for vegatation, especally for certain areas. Existing data is not in accordance with modern habitats classification system

-          Information are fragmented and outdated

-          Different stage of the research among certain areas

-          Large number of endemic species which exist in Serbia and Montenegro have  not been include in Emerald list

-          Lack of experience in applying habitats classification system

-          Lack of experience in Assessment for the Habitat (Representatively, Relative Surface, Conservation Status, Conservation of functions, Restoration possibilities) and Species (Size and density of the population,  Degree of conservation, Restoration possibilities, etc.)

-          Legislative basis for establishment of the Emerald still is not finally set;

-          Technical problems with  software

National team have been participated in a varius workshops in a field of nature protection and protected areas. In a framework of REReP project '' Promotion of networks and exchange in counties of South-Eastern Europe'' montenegrian experts exchange experiance with bulgarian and albanian experts about system of protected areas, Emerald network, costrains and problems in this project.

National team also introduce and promote Emerald network in Serbia and Montenegro on different TV stations and through educational programme.

Follow up activities

The country intends to carry out the secound implementation phaze (during 2006) by identifying 80% of the potential ACSIs.

In second phaze the work of team of expert will be focused in more areas where little work is done so far e.g. in the field of marine habitats and habitats proposed to be include in a category of protected areas. Special assesment activities are required to obtain information of  these species and sites.

Future work for developing Emerald network in Serbia and Montenegro will greatly benefit from information and research through the UNDP projects such us Biodiversity Strategy,  and other ongoing programmes targeted protected areas.

Proposal for expansion of Emerald species list

National team analyze which species should be added to the Emerald lists considering some specifications of Serbia and Montenegro.

Regarding the expansion of species list, the expert group decided to add the following species:

-          local endemic species

-          sub-endemic species

-          marine species from the list of the Barcelona convention

See Annex 4. of this report.

Annexe 1
List of endangered natural habitats requiring specific conservation measures in Serbia and Montenegro
Code	HABITAT	Total Serbia&Mon	Serbia	Montenegro	Common   S&M
		315	150	95	71
1.	COASTAL AND HALOPHYTIC COMMUNITIE
11.	OCEAN AND SEAS, MARINE COMMUNITIES
!11.2	Benthic communities	+		+
!11.22	Sublittoral soft seabeds	+		+
!11.24	Sublittoral rocky seabeds and kelp forests	+		+
!11.25	Sublittoral organogenic concretions	+		+
!11.26	Sublittoral cave communities	+		+
!11.27	Soft sediment littoral communities	+		+
!11.3	Sea-grass meadows	+		+
!11.4	Brackish sea vascular vegetation	+		+
!11.42	Marine spike-rush beds	+		+
13	ESTUARIES AND TIDAL RIVERS	+
!13.2	Estuaries	+			?
!14.	MUD FLATS AND SAND FLATS	+			+
15.	SALTMARSHES, SALT STEPPES, SALT SCRUBS, SALT FORESTS
!15.115	Continental glasswort swards <Salicornia europaea>	+	+
!15.11511	Pannonian <Salicornia europaea> swards	+	+
!15.11512	Pannonian seablite swards	+	+
!15.11513	Pannonian saltswort communities	+	+
!15.141	Ponto-Pannonian<Acorellus>communities	+	+
!15.142	Central-eurasian<Crypsis>communities	+	+
!15.143	Central-eurasian<Chenopodium>	+	+
!15.4	Suboceanic inland salt meadows	+	+
!15.41	Interior European saltmarsh grass meadows	+	+
!15.42	Interior European saltmarsh rush and couch beds	+	+
!15.5	Mediterranean salt meadows	+			+
16	COASTAL SAND DUNES AND SAND BEACHES	+			+
!16.2	Dunes	+			+
2.	NON-MARINE WATERS
22	STANDING FRESH WATER
!22.1	Permanent ponds and lakes	+		+
!22.11	Lime-deficient oligotrophic waterbodies	+	+	+
!22.146	Aldrovanda communities	+	+
!22.3	Amphibious communities	+		+
!22.31	Euro-Siberian perennial amphibious communities	+			+
!22.312	<Eleocharis> swards	+	+
!22.321	Dwarf spike-rush communities<Eleocharis>	+			+
!22.323	Dwarf toad-rush communities	+		+
!22.3232	Small galingale swards <Cyperus>	+			+
!22.3233	Wey ground dwarf herb communities	+	+
!22.34	Mediterraneo-Atlantic amphibious communities	+		+
!22.341	Short Mediterranean amphibious swards	+		+
!22.3414	Mediterranean small galingale swards	+		+
!22.3415	Mediterranean [Fimbristylis] swards	+		+
!22.3419	Mediterranean dwarf [Scirpus] swards	+		+
!22.341A	Mediterranean [Eleocharis] swards	+		+
!22.342	Tall Mediterranean amphibious swards	+		+
!22.344	Serapias grasslands	+		+
!22.351	Pannonic riverbank dwarf sedge communities  <Carex>	+	+
22,4	Euhydrophyte communities	+		+
22,41	Free-floating vegetation	+		+
!22.412	Frogbit rafts<Hydrocharis morsus-ranae>	+			+
!22.413	Water-soldier raftd<Stratiotes aloides>	+	+
!22.414	Bladderwort colonies<Utricularia> spp.	+			+
!22.415	Salvinia covers	+			+
!22.416	Aldrovanda communities	+	+
22,43	Rooted floating vegetation	+		+
22,432	Shallow-water floating communities	+		+
!22.4321	Water crowfoot  communities<Ranunculus sect. Bratrachium>	+			+
!22.4323	Water violet bads<Hottonia palustris>	+	+
!22.44	Chandalier algae submerged carpets	+			+
!22.5	Turlough and lake-bottom meadows	+	+
23.	STANDING BRACKISH AND SALT WATER
!23.11	Athalassall saline lakes	+	+
!23.12	Submerged charophyte carpets in inland saline or hypersaline waterbodies	+	+
!23.13	Salt basin benthic communities	+	+
!23.14	Exposed unvegetated beaches of inland saline and brackish waters with soft sediments	+	+
24.	RUNNING WATER
!24.2	River gravel banks	+			+
!24.21	Unvegetated river gravel banks	+	+
!24.22	Sparsely vegetated river gravel banks	+	+
!24.221	Boreo-alpine stream gravel communities	+	+
!24.222	Montane river gravel communities	+	+
3.	SCRUB AND GRASSLAND
31.	TEMPERATE HEATH AND SCRUB	+	+
!31.2	European dry heaths	+			+
!31.22	Sub-Atlantic [Calluna] - [Genista] heaths	+	+
31,4	Alpine and boreal heaths	+		+
!31.46	Bruckenthalia heaths	+			+
!31.461	Rhodopide [Bruckenthalia] heaths	+	+
!31.462	North-western Hellenide [Bruckenthalia] heaths	+	+
!31.463	Carpatho-Balkanic [Bruckenthalia] heaths	+	+
!31.4631	Balkan range [Bruckenthalia] heaths	+	+
!31.7	Hedgehog‑heaths	+	+
!31.78	Helleno-Balkanic sylvatic [Astragalus] hedgehog-heaths	+	+
!31.782	Moesian [Astragalus angusiifolius] hedgehog-heaths	+	+
!31.8B1	Pannonic and sub‑Pannonic thickets	+	+
!31.8B121	Peri-Pannonic ground cherry scrub	+	+
!31.8B122	Peri-Pannonic dwarf almond scrub	+	+
!31.8B125	Danubian hawthorn scrub	+	+
!31.8B131	Peri-Pannonic hawthorn-blackthorn scrub	+	+
!31.8B133	Pannonic wig tree-manna ash thickets	+	+
32	SCLEROPHYLLOUS SCRUB
32,2	Thermo-Mediterranean shrub formations	+		+
!32.22	Tree-spurge formations	+		+
33.	Phrygana	+			+
34.	STEPPES AND DRY CALCAREOUS GRASSLANDS
!34.112	Houseseleek communities<Semperivivum> <Jovibarba>	+	+
!34.3	Dense perennial grasslands and middle European steppes	+		+
!34.311	Helleno-Balkanic [Satureja montana] steppes	+	+
!34.3161	Moesian-Carpathian steppes	+	+
!34.31612	Moesian-Carpathian andropogonid steppes	+	+
!34.3163	Moesian-Carpathian meadow steppes	+	+
!34.31632	Moesian<Chrysopogon>meadow-steppes	+	+
!34.31633	Moesian<Danthonia><Sieglinga>meadow-steppes	+	+
34.32	Sub-Atlanticsemi-dry calcareous grassland	+			+
34,329	Illyrian (Mesobromion) grasslands	+			+
!34.3292	Illyrian<Seslaria>grasslands	+	+
!34.37	Serpentine steppes	+	+
!34.5	Mediterranean xeric grasslands	+		+
!34.53	East Mediterranean xeric grassland	+		+
!34.532	Helleno-Balkanic communities and terophyt	+	+
!34.9	Continental steppes	+	+
!34.911	Pannonic loess steppes	+	+
!34.912	Pannonic tall forb meadow-steppes	+	+
!34.913	Pannonic tall forb meadow-steppes	+	+
!34.914	Pannonic loess pastures	+	+
!34.A	Sand steppes	+	+
!34.AIII	Drooping brome pioneer swards	+	+
!34.A112	Corispermum pioneer swards	+	+
!34.A1213	Southern Pannonic calciphile sand fescue steppes	+	+
!34.A12122	Southern Pannonic feathergrass sand steppes	+	+
!34.A132	Deliblat <Festuca wagneri> sand steppes	+	+
!34.A14	Pannonic closed sand steppes	+	+
!34.A15	Pannonic sand puszta	+	+
!34.A12122	Southern Pannonic feathergrass sand steppes	+	+
35	DRY SILICEOUS GRASSLANDS
!35.1	Atlantic mat-grass swards and related communities	+		+
!35.11	Mat-grass swards <Nardus stricta>	+			+
!35.115	Illyrian mat-grass swards	+		+
!35.7	Mediterraneo-montane mat-grass swards	+		+
!35.73	Balkanic montane mat-grass swards	+			+
37	HUMID GRASSLAND AND TALL HERB COMMUNITIES
!37.2	Eutrophic humid grasslands	+		+
!37.21	Atlantic and sub-Atlantic humid meadows	+	+
!37.213	<Deschampsia caespitosa>meadows	+	+
!37.215	<Polygonium bistorta> meadows	+	+
!37.217	<Juncus effusus>meadows	+	+
!37.219	<Scirpus sylvaticus>meadows	+	+
!37.23	Subcontinental riverine meadows	+	+
!37.24	Flood swards and related communities	+		+
!37.241	Tall rush pastures	+		+
!37.2424	<Agropyrum repens> swards	+	+
!37.25	Transitional tall herb humid meadows	+		+
!37.263	Dunabian-Pannonian riverian and humid meadows	+	+
!37.3	Oligotrophic humid grasslands	+			+
!37.31	[Molinia caerulea] meadows and related communities	+	+
!37.313	Giant moorgrass swards	+		+
!37.33	Continental oligotrophic humid grasslands	+		+
!37.711	Angelica archangelica fluvial  communities	+	+
!37.713	Marsh mallow screens<Althaea officinalis>	+	+
!38.25	Continental meadows	+	+
!38.251	Ponto-Pannonian mezofilian high meadows	+	+
4.	FORESTS
41.	BROAD-LEAVED DECIDUOUS FORESTS
!41.1	Beech forests	+		+
!41.19	Moesian beech forests	+			+
!41.1C	Illyrian beech forests	+	+
!41.1C222	Illyrian low-montane neutrophile fir-beech forests	+		+
!41.1C3	Illyrian thermophile beech forests	+		+
!41.1C31	Illyrian coastal beech forests	+		+
!41.1C32	Illyrian inland calciphile beech forests	+		+
!41.1C323	Illyrian (Acer obtusatum) beech forests	+		+
!41.1C4	Illyrian subalpine beech forests	+		+
!41.19312	<Prunus laurocerasus><Fagus>beech forests Old mountains(Blacanian mn.)	+	+
!41.2	Oak-hornbeam forests	+			+
!41.2A	Illyrian oak - hornbeam forests	+		+
!41.2A1	Illyrian sessile oak-hornbeam forests	+			+
!41.2A12	Illyrian neutrocline sessile oak-hornbeam forests	+		+
!41.2A2	Illyrian pedunculate oak-hornbeam forests	+	+
!41.2B1	Pannonic hygrophile ash-oak-hornbeam forests	+	+
!41.2B2	Peri-Pannonic acidophile oak-hornbeam forests	+	+
!41.2C	Southeastern European oak - hornbeam forests	+		+
!41.2C3	Moesian oak-hornbeam forests	+		+
!41.2C31	Moesian mesophile oak-hornbeam forests	+	+
!41.2C32	Moesian thermophile oak-hornbeam forests	+			+
!41.4	Mixed ravine and slope forests	+			+
!41.462	Moesian ravine and slope forests	+			+
!41.463	Illyrian ravine forests	+		+
!41.4632	Illyrian mixed sycamore ravine forests	+		+
!41.5	Acidophilous oak forests	+			+
!41.57	Medio-European acidophilous [Quercus] forests	+	+
!41.7	Thermophilous and supra-Mediterranean oak woods	+			+
!41.73	Eastern [Quercus pubescens] woods	+		+
!41.74	Italo-Illyrian [Ostrya carpinifolia] sub-thermophilous [Quercus]	+	+
!41.736	Dalmatian white oak woods	+		+
!41.737	Eastern sub-Mediterranean white oak woods	+		+
!41.7372	Moesian white oak woods	+			+
!41.7374	Pannonian [Quercus pubescens] woods	+	+
!41.7375	Illyrian [Quercus pubescens]	+	+
!41.74	Italo-Illyrian [Ostrya carpinifolia] sub-thermophilous [Quercus] woods	+			+
!41.742	Dalmatian thermophile turkey oak-sessile oak woods	+		+
!41.7421	Dalmatian [Quercus cerris] woods	+		+
!41.7422	Dalmatian [Quercus petraea] woods	+		+
!41.761	Helleno-Moesian<Quercus cerris> woods	+	+
!41.762	Helleno-Moesian<Quercus frainetto> woods	+	+
!41.763	Helleno-Moesian<Quercus daleachampii>woods	+	+
!41.7641	Helleno-Moesian<Quercus petrea>woods	+	+
!41.765	Helleno-Moesian<Quercus virgiliana>woods	+	+
!41.766	Helleno-Moesian<Quercus pedunculiflora>woods	+	+
!41.767	Helleno-Moesian <Quercus polycarpa> forests	+	+
!41.78	[Quercus trojana] woodland	+		+
!41.781	Helleno-Balkanic Trojan oak woods	+			+
!41.7A12	Pannonic turkey oak-sessile oak woods	+	+
!41.7A13	Pannonic hairy greenweed sessile oak woods	+	+
!41.7A2133	Voivodinian sand steppe oak woods	+	+
!41.8	Mixed thermophilous forests	+		+
!41.81	Hop-hornbeam woods	+			+
!41.812	Supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods	+		+
!41.8123	Eastern Adriatic supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods	+		+
!41.82	Oriental hornbeam woods	+			+
!41.822	Helleno-Balkanic oriental hornbeam woods	+		+
!41.8222	Moesian oriental hornbeam woods	+	+
!41.8223	Lilac oriental hornbeam woods	+	+
!41.8225	Eastern Adriatic oriental hornbeam woods	+		+
!41.834	Moesian thermophilous maple woods	+	+
!41.84	Thermophilous [Tilia] woods	+	+
!41.85	[Celtis australis] woods	+	+
!41.863	Manna tree woods	+	+
!41.87	Pannonic [Juniperus] - [Populus] steppe woods	+	+
!41.88	Sub-Mediterranean and Pannonic mixed woods	+		+
!41.891	Western Asian wild fruit tree steppe woods	+	+
42.	TEMPERATE CONIFEROUS FORESTS
!42.16	South Balcan silver fir forest	+	+
!42.17	Balkano-Pontic fir forest	+	+
42,2	Western Palaearctic orogenous spruce forests	+		+
42,24	Sub-Mediterranean Norway spruce forests	+		+
!42.243	Montenegrine spruce forest	+		+
!42.244	Paeonician spruce forest	+	+
!42.245	Balkan Range spruce forest	+	+
!42.27	Omorike  spruce forest<Picea omorika>	+	+
42.5	Western Palaearctic Scots pine forests	+		+
!42.5C	South-eastern European Scots pine forests	+		+
!42.5C6	Dinaric calcicole Scots pine forests	+		+
!42.6	Black pine forests	+		+
!42.62	Western Balkan Pinus nigra forests	+			+
!42.621	Dinaro-Pelagonian Pinus nigra forests	+			+
!42.6215	Illyrian submediterranean Pinus nigra forests	+		+
!42.66	Banat and Pallas pine forest	+	+
!42.7	High oro-mediterranean pine forests	+			+
!42.71	White-barked pine [Pinus leucodermis] forests	+			+
!42.715	South Dinaric white-barked pine forests	+		+
!42.72	Macedonian pine [Pinus peuce] woods	+			+
!42.722	Southern Dinaric Macedonian pine woods	+		+
44	TEMPERATE RIVERINE AND SWAMP FORESTS AND BRUSH
!44.1	Riparian willow formations	+			+
!44.11	Orogenous riverine brush	+	+
!44.12	Lowland and collinar riverine [Salix] scrub	+			+
!44.13	Middle European [Salix alba] forests	+	+
!44.121	Almond willow-osier scrub	+	+
!44.123	Balkan riverine willow scrub	+			+
!44.14	Mediterranean tall [Salix] galleries	+		+
!44.161	Pannonic willow galleries	+	+
!44.141	Mediterranean white willow galleries	+		+
!44.1412	Eumediterranean white and crack willow galleries	+		+
!44.2	Boreo-alpine riparian galleries	+			+
!44.21	Montane grey alder galleries	+			+
!44.215	Montenegrine grey alder galleries	+		+
!44.24	Boreal black alder galleries	+		+
!44.3	Middle European stream ash‑alder woods	+	+
!44.31	[Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woods of rivulets and springs	+	+
!44.32	[Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woods of fast-flowing rivers	+	+
!44.33	[Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woods of slow rivers	+	+
44,4	Mixed oak-elm-ash forests of great rivers	+			+
!44.43	South-east European ash-oak-alder forests	+			+
!44.432	Helleno-Balkanic ash-oak-alder forests	+			+
!44.4325	Montenegrine ash-oak-alder forests	+		+
!44.5	Southern alder and birch galleries	+		+
!44.51	Southern black alder galleries	+		+
!44.8	Southern riparian galleries and thickets	+			+
!44.81	[Nerium oleander] [Vitex agnus-castus] and [Tamarix] galleries	+			+
!44.812	Chaste tree thickets	+		+
!44.813	Mediterraneo-Macaronesian tamarisk thickets	+		+
44,9	Alder, willow, oak, aspen swamp woods	+	+
44,914	Steppe swamp alder woods	+	+
!44.9141	Pannonic swamp alder-ash woods	+	+
! 45.	TEMPERATE BROAD‑LEAVED EVERGREEN FORESTS	+			+
45.11	Wild olive woodland	+			?
45.12	Carob woodland	+			?
45,3	Holm-oak forests	+			+
45.319	Illyrian holm-oak woodland	+			+
45,4	Kermes oak forests	+			+
45,5	Eurasian continental lauriphyllous forests	+			+
45,51	Mediterraneo-Atlantic laurel-oak woodland	+			+
5.	BOGS AND MARSHES
51.	RAISED BOGS
!51.1	Near‑natural raised bogs	+	+
!51.13	Bog pools	+	+
!51.131	Bog eye (kolk)	+	+
53.	WATER-FRINGE VEGETATION
!53.3	Fen-sedge beds	+		+
!53.31	Fen [Cladium mariscus] beds	+	+
!53.33	Riparian [Cladium] beds	+	+
54.	FENS, TRANSITION MIRES AND SPRINGS
54,1	Springs	+			+
!54.12	Hard water springs	+	+
!54.2	Rich fens	+			+
!54.21	Tall herb fens	+			+
!54.22	[Schoenus ferrugineus] fens	+	+
!54.25	[Carex dioica], [Carex pulicaris] and [Carex flava] fens	+	+
!54.26	[Carex nigra] alkaline fens	+	+
!54.214	Illyrian black bogrush fens	+		+
!54.23	Subcontinental Davall sedge fens	+			+
!54.236	Dinaric carnation-tawny sedge fens	+		+
!54.2F	Middle European flat sedge fens	+	+
!54.3	Arcto-alpine riverian swards	+			+
54,4	Acidic fens	+		+
54,42	Black-white-star sedge fens	+		+
!54.426	Peri-Danubian black-white-star sedge fens	+			+
!54.4262	Dinaric black-star sedge acidic fens	+			+
!54.4263	Rhodopide black-star sedge acidic fens	+	+
!54.4265	Balkanic black-star sedge fens	+	+
!54.4266	Moeso-Macedonian black-star sedge fens	+	+
!54.5	Transition mires	+			+
!54.51	Slender-sedge swards	+		+
!54.513	Brown moss-sphagnum slender-sedge swards	+		+
!54.52	[Carex diandra] quaking mires	+	+
!54.53	Bottle sedge quaking mires	+			+
!54.532	Basicline bottle sedge quaking mires	+		+
!54.5321	Basicline sphagnum-bottle sedge quaking mires	+		+
!54.54	[Carex limosa] swards	+			+
!54.57	[Rhynchospora alba] quaking bogs	+	+
!54.58	Sphagnum and cottongrass rafts	+			+
!64	INLAND SAND DUNES
!64.711	Pannonic bare sands	+	+
!64.712	Pannonic dune lichen communities	+	+
!64.713	Pannonic dune pioneer grasslands	+	+
!64.714	Pannonic dune open grasslands	+	+
!64.715	Pannonic dune closed grasslands	+	+
!64.716	Pannonic dune thickets and scrubs	+	+
!64.717	Pannonic dune woods	+	+
6.	INLAND ROCKS, SCREES AND SANDS
!65.	Caves	+			+
!65.4	Troglobiont invertebrate caves	+	+
!65.5	Troglophile invertebrate caves	+	+
!65.6	Subtroglophile invertebrate caves	+	+
!93	WOODED STEPPE	+	+