Strasbourg, 11 May 2004 T-PVS/Emerald (2004) 1
[T-PVS/Emerald 01e.04] English only
CONVENTION ON THE conservation of EUROPEAN wildlife
and natural habitats
Group of Experts for the setting up
of the Emerald Network of Areas of Special Conservation Interest
---ooOoo---
- Final Report -
Document established by
the Ministry of Environmental Protection
and Physical Planning
Croatia
Contents
1. Background.......................................................................................................................... 3
2. Emerald network project team............................................................................................ 3
3. Activities carried out in the framework of the project........................................................ 4
3.1....................................................................................................... The Emerald workshop 4
3.2 Identification of biogeographical zones in Croatia........................................................... 4
3.3 Identification of species and habitats within each Biogeographical region in Croatia....... 4
3.4 Preparing proposal for new species and habitats within Croatia to be added to official lists of the Bern Convention...................................................................................................................... 5
3.5 Preliminary identification of Sites of geological interest ................................................. 5
3.6 Identification of nature conservation designation categories in Croatia............................ 5
3.7 Selection of the first 'set' of potential ASCIs.................................................................... 6
3.8 Collecting data for potential ASCIs and building up the database using Emerald Software version 2.0......................................................................................................................................... 7
4. Suggestions and future plans................................................................................................ 7
4.1 Problems.......................................................................................................................... 7
4.2 Lessons learnt.................................................................................................................. 8
4.3 Follow up......................................................................................................................... 8
5. Financial statement of expenditure...................................................................................... 8
APPENDICES
I. Biogeographical regions in Croatia.................................................................................. 9
II. Emerald species in Croatia............................................................................................. 11
III. Proposal for extension of list of Emerald species........................................................... 17
IV. Emerald habitats in Croatia ........................................................................................... 31
V. Proposal for extension of list of Emerald habitats......................................................... 34
VI. Preliminary list of Sites of geological interest ............................................................... 48
VII. Proposal for the List of Palearctic habitat types - terrestrial........................................ 49
VIII. Proposal for the List of Palearctic habitat types - underground................................... 64
IX. Proposal for the List of Palearctic habitat types - marine............................................. 71
X. Emerald Standard Data Form for Kopacki Rit
XI. Emerald Standard Data Form for Lonjsko Polje
XII. Emerald Standard Data Form for Crna Mlaka
XIII. Emerald Standard Data Form for Plitvicka Jezera
XIV. Emerald Standard Data Form for Velebit
XV. Emerald Standard Data Form for Neretva Delta
1. Background
Republic of Croatia has signed the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) in 2000. Next year the Council of Europe invited Croatia to join the Emerald process by taking part in the Emerald Network pilot project.
The Emerald Network Pilot Project in Croatia has been implemented by the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Physical Planning (MEPPP) in cooperation with the Council of Europe and a number of national experts.
The overall objective of the project was to develop a pilot database, containing a fair proportion of the Areas of Special Conservation Interest and submit a proposal for the selected sites designation to the Standing Committee of the Bern Convention. This project is a starting point that will lay the basis for the development of the Emerald Network at the national level.
The legal basis for developing the Emerald network has been established in:
· Bern Convention, Articles No.1, 2,3,4,6b,9
· Resolutions No.1 (1989), 3 and 4 (1996), 5 and 6 (1998)
· Recommendations No.14. and 16 (1989), No.25 (1991)
The main documents to be used for building-up the Emerald Network:
· Document T-PVS (99)36 – The Emerald Network – a network of Areas of Special Conservation Interest
· Document T-PVS/Emerald (99)2 – Emerald Software version 1.1 User Manual
· Emerald Software version 2.0 User Manual
During the life-time of the project, there has been a change in relevant national legislation. The old Nature Protection Act (“Official Gazette” Nos. 30/94 and 72/94) regulated mostly the basic issues regarding protected areas and species. The new Nature Protection Act (“Official Gazette” No.162 /03), enacted in October 2003, includes already all obligations and mechanisms of the EU Habitat and Bird Directives, with the basic instrument being the establishment of the National ecological network. It includes all ecologically important sites of European and national importance.
2. Structure of the national Emerald network team
At the beginning of pilot-project the national team of experts has been set up, including relevant scientists and administrative persons from the MEPPP:
- Tatjana Bakran-Petricioli, Ph D,
Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Natural Science – marine habitats and species
- Dragan Bukovec, B Sc, Croatian Natural History Museum – sites of geological importance
- Sven Jelaska, M Sc, OIKON Ltd – habitats
- Toni Nikolić, Ph D, Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Science – vascular flora
- Jasminka Radović, B Sc, Ministry of Environmental Protection and Physical Planning,
project coordinator
- Andrea Štefan, B Sc, Ministry of Environmental Protection and Physical Planning
- Ivan Tikvić, Ph D, Faculty of Forestry – forests
- Jasenka Topić, Ph D, Faculty of Natural Science – terrestrial habitats
- Vesna Tutiš, Ph D, Institute of Ornithology – birds
- Nikola Tvrtković, Ph D, Croatian Natural History Museum – fauna, underground habitats
During the work of the national team it became clear that special attention should be paid to underground habitat types. Due to this need, Mrs Sanja Gottstein-Matočec, Ph D, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Natural Science, joined the team in order to prepare the background paper and proposal for development of classification of underground habitat types.
Data collection on potential ASCIs and development of Emerald database was organized directly by the MEPPP.
3. Activities carried out in the framework of the project
Following activities have been carried out for the implementation of the pilot-project, in accordance with tasks defined by the project contract:
1. Training of the national Emerald team (workshop)
2. Identification of biogeographical regions in Croatia
3. Identification of species and habitats within each Biogeographical region in Croatia
4. Preparing proposal for new species and habitats within Croatia to be added to official lists of the Bern Convention
5. Preliminary identification of Sites of geological interest as potential part of ecological network
6. Identification of nature conservation designation categories in Croatia
7. Selection of the first 'set' of potential ASCIs
8. Collecting data for potential ASCIs and building up the database using Emerald Software version 2.0.
3.1. The Emerald workshop
The introductory Emerald workshop took place in Zagreb from February 14-15, 2002. Besides representatives of the Council of Europe and national team members, participants of the workshop included the staff od the Nature Protection Division of the MEPPP as well as the staff of protected areas management authorities.
Mrs Helene Bougessa and Mr Marc Roekhart presented the concept and tasks of the project on behalf of the Council of Europe. The national team members presented some basic information about nature protection in Croatia, important species and habitats, sites of geological interest as potential new dimension in the Emerald network concept, the project on preliminary ecological network as well as the project on habitat mapping of Croatia.
Mr Roekaerts, expert on Emerald software of Council of Europe, demonstrated and explained the 1.0 version of the Emerald Network software, explained the main features of the Emerald Network database and the Standard Data Entry form.
On the next day, Mr Roekaertsinstalled the Emerald Network software 1.0 on the computer in the office of the Biodiversity and Landscape Department of the MEPPP and trained its staff to work with it.
3.2. Identification of biogeographical zones in Croatia
According to a map of biogeographical regions adopted by the Standing Committee to the Bern Convention at its 21st meeting (Strasbourg, 26-30 November 2001) [see T-PVS (2001) 89], four regions were identified in the territory of Croatia:
- Pannonian
- Continental
- Alpine
- Mediterranean.
The expert team concluded to propose the new region - Mediterranean Sea to be added, including marine species and habitats.
The map of biogeographical regions in Croatia with an explanation of above mentioned proposal is enclosed in Apenndix 1.
3.3. Identification of species and habitats within each Biogeographical region in Croatia
Members of the national team have analysed the list of Emerald species in Resolution No.6 (1998) and extracted species indigenous to Croatia (breeding species and visitors), separate for each biogeographical region (Pannonian, Continental, Alpine and Mediterranean). It was concluded to separate marine species and to propose them to be added to the possible new biogeographical region of Mediterranean Sea.
The list of Emerald species found in Croatia is enclosed in Appendix 2.
The national team has also analysed the list of Emerald habitats in Resolution No.4 (1996) and extracted habitat types present in Croatia, separate for each biogeographical region.
The list of Emerald endangered habitats found in Croatia is enclosed in Appendix 4.
3.4. Preparing proposal for new species and habitats within Croatia to be added to official lists of the Bern Convention
Analyzing the list of Emerald species, the national team concluded that there are certain species occurring in Croatia that possibly deserve to be included on the Emerald list but they are still not probably because the area of Croatia has not yet been fully evaluated from the Emerald point of view.
The list of species proposed to be added to the Emerald list is enclosed in Appendix 3.
The next task was to analyse which habitats should be added to the Emerald lists considering some specificities of Croatia. Accordingly, the list of habitat types for Croatia based on PHYSIS Palearctic habitat classification (T-PVS/Emerald 2001 10) was revised, trying to include and evaluate some new habitat types specific for Croatia (karst, marine and some other). The proposal for the official revision of this list has been prepared and sent to Mr Pierre Devillers and Jean Devillers-Terschuren for comments and possible inclusion to the existing list.
The list of habitat types proposed to be added to the Emerald list is enclosed in Appendix 5.
3.5. Preliminary identification of Sites of geological interest as potential part of ecological network
The national team considered new initiatives and activities in the framework of the Bern Convention, related to the Sites of geological interest as potential part of ecological network. Having in mind the fact that Croatia is very rich with diverse geological heritage, it was concluded to make preliminary analysis of sites of geological interest in Croatia, based on already protected sites.
The map of these sites and a small database consisting of several attributes given to each site was produced in the framework of the project. Further evaluation of each site is needed as well as methodology how to include the most representative and important sites in the concept of ecological network.
The preliminary map and the list of the Sites of geological interest is included in Appendix 6.
3.6. Identification of nature conservation designation categories in Croatia
Protected areas represent the core of the overall protection and key sites of the ecological network. This protection is today covering about 9.9 p.c. of Croatia's mainland territory, which is planned to be considerably increased. The old Nature Protection Act specifies eight categories of the space protection: national park, nature park, strict reserve, special reserve, natural monument, protected landscape, park forest, horticultural monument. The new Act from 2003 adds another category of the regional park. The greatest part of the protected area refers to nature parks and national parks (8.7 p.c. of the mainland area). The majority of planned protected areas relate also to nature parks.
A. There are nine categories of nature conservation designation types, defined on the national level by the Nature Protection Law from 2003. Six of them have the main purpose to protect flora, fauna and habitats (biological diversity):
Category |
Purpose |
Protection |
National park |
protection of biological diversity, scientific research, tourism, recreation, education |
by the state |
Nature park |
protection of biological and landscape diversity, sustainable development, tourism and recreation |
by the state |
Regional park |
protection of biological and landscape diversity, sustainable development, tourism and recreation |
by the county |
Strict reserve |
protection of the overall biological diversity, scientific research |
by the county |
Special reserve |
protection of biological diversity with the focus on a specific component (forests, plant communities, fauna. hydrology, etc.), scientific research, visiting and education |
by the county |
Natural monument |
protection of a representative element of nature or small site, scientific research |
by the county |
Protected landscape |
protection of landscape diversity, sustainable development, tourism and recreation |
by the county |
Park forest |
tourism and recreation, protection of landscape diversity |
by the county |
Horticultural monument |
protection of cultural heritage and landscape diversity, tourism and recreation, education |
by the county |
B. Statutes under sectorial legislative and administrative acts providing an adequate protection relevant for flora, fauna and habitat conservation:
- Law on Forests defines 2 types of forests that are not exclusively economic: protective forests (protection of soil against erosion) and forests with special assignment (landscape, scientific or historical value)
- Law on Hunting – in each hunting area one part (15%) should be defined as the sanctuary for game, where no hunting is allowed
- Law on Marine Fishery – areas important as fish nurseries or spawning areas can be proclaimed reserves with ban of commercial exploatation
C. Private statute providing durable protection for flora, fauna and habitat is not included in national legislation.
3.7. Selection of the first 'set' of potential ASCIs
The first set of Potential Areas of Special Conservation Interest was selected according to the criteria of international designation. Six sites have been chosen with total area of 309,867 ha, that makes 17,12% of the preliminary ecological network (1809,750 ha), or 5,47% of the territory of Croatia (5661,500 ha):
Site’s name |
Code |
Internat. designation |
Area |
The Plitvice Lakes National Park |
1102001 |
UNESCO - World Natural Heritage List |
29,482 ha |
The Velebit Mountain Nature Park |
1103003 |
UNESCO MAB site |
200,000 ha |
Lonjsko polje Nature Park |
1103002 |
Ramsar site |
50,560 ha |
Kopački rit Nature Park |
1103001 |
Ramsar site |
23,400 ha |
Neretva Delta (proposed nature park) |
1203001 |
Ramsar site |
11,500 ha |
Crna Mlaka fishponds ornithological reserve |
1113001 |
Ramsar site |
625 ha |
TOTAL |
309,867 ha |
CODES:
The codes represent the system given to the national areas of nature. The code of each site consists of 2 letters (HR for Croatia) and 7 numbers:
1. element of ecological network (1-international; 2-national; 0- not element of ecological network)
2. protection status of the site (1-protected; 2-designated for protection; 3-not protected)
3. and 4. category of protection
00 no category
01 strict reserve
02 national park
03 nature park
10 special reserve (further devided for subcategories)
11 special reserve- forest etc
5, 6. and 7. – individual number of site
3.8. Collecting data for potential ASCIs and building up the database using Emerald Software version 2.0.
For each of the mentioned sites data have been collected in order to fill the special Standard Data Form. Data have been processed using the new Emerald software version 2.0.
As data regarding the distribution of habitat types in Emerald sites were missing, it was decided to wait for the results of the MEPPP project Mapping of Habitat Types in Croatia, performed by the private consultant firm OIKON Ltd. The project was finished and the GIS map of habitat types (1: 100.000) delivered to the MEPPP in July 2003. This GIS database gave possibility to calculate the area of each mappable habitat type in Croatia. Also, the GIS map of protected areas has been added in order to get maps of habitat types for each Emerald site and to compare the area of each Resolution 4 habitat type present in Emerald sites with its overall distribution in Croatia.
Lists of additional important habitat types except the Resoultion 4 ones have been entered in database too (description part), because a lot of habitats specific and important for Croatia (specially karst and marine ones) are missing in the Resolution 4.
4. Suggestions and future plans
4.1. Problems
The problem for Croatia occured because the Emerald lists of species and habitats do not reflect many specificities of its biodiversity, especially regarding karst underground and marine habitats, as well as species. Because of this, some the most valuable areas, like Velebit mountain that has already been evaluated as the site of global value (GEF/WB project Karst Ecosystems Conservation in Croatia – KEC) do not show high value when evaluated according to Emerald lists.
The national team has prepared its proposal for extension of Emerald species and habitats lists, that are a part of this report (see Appendices).
There were also problems with filling data into Emerald database (version 2.0). Some of the problems are listed here:
· When printing reports, some fields are not printed at all (like Emerald list fishes and the field 5.2 – relations to other sites);
· Some Emerald list birds are always automatically transferred to the other field of Migratory birds
· The field for management authority of the site is too short (restricted no. of signes)
· Sometimes database will not save new data
· Birds status is sometimes duplicated
4.2. Lessons learnt
The pilot- project was very usefull for Croatia in several ways:
· the national team had opportunity to get basic knowledge about concept and methodology of Emerald network and NATURA 2000
· skills related to data collection and Emerald / NATURA 2000 software have been developed
· pioneer work regarding preparation of proposals for extension of Emerald species and habitats lists was done, that will make further work for NATURA 2000 much easier
· the concept of ecological network was promoted on national level and introduced as future national obligation in the framework of accession of Croatia to the EU
· management authorities of protected areas were introduced to the problematics and included in data collecting and reviewing of relevant Standard data forms.
4.3. Follow-up
The Emerald Network Pilot-Project represents a pioneer work on ecological network concept in Croatia. It is being followed by more extensive work on preparation of NATURA 2000 network and National Ecological Network in the framework of the LIFE-Third Countries 2002 project: Building-up the National Ecological Network as a part of the Pan-European Ecological Network and Natura 2000 (CRO-NEN). This project is supposed to be finished in June 2005.
5. Financial statement of expenditure
Training workshop for Emerald team |
1.500 EUR |
Work of Emerald team - contracts |
4.000 EUR |
Work on data collecting and database - contracts |
3.200 EUR |
Total |
8.700 EUR |
Appendix I.
Biogeographical regions in Croatia
Pannonian
Continental
Alpine
Mediterranean
Mediterranean Sea ???
The part of biogeographic map developed under Councile Directive 92/43/CEE (NATURA 2000) formed on the basis for Pan-European extensions (geogeographic regions abbreviations used in text: A-alpine, C-continental, M-meditteranean and P-pannonical)
NOTE:
The Adriatic Sea is not marked as the part of any region. It could be suggested that it belongs to the Mediterranean region on the side of Croatia. In Italy Continental region extends to the coast. The national team suggests to add the new region - Mediterranean biogeographical region
Defining borders of biogeographical regions in Croatia using the vegetation map (map prepared by Marc Roekaerts)
Appendix II.
Emerald species in Croatia within biogeographical regions
Pannonian
Mammals
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
Miniopterus schreibersi
Myotis dasycneme
Myotis blythii
Myotis emarginatus
Myotis myotis
Spermophilus citellus
Castor fiber
Lutra lutra
Birds
Acrocephalus melanopogon
Alcedo atthis
Anthus campestris
Aquila clanga
Aquila heliaca
Aquila pomarina
Ardea purpurea
Ardeola ralloides
Asio flammeus
Aythya nyroca
Botaurus stellaris
Caprimulgus europaeus
Chlidonias hybridus
Chlidonias niger
Ciconia ciconia
Ciconia nigra
Circus aeruginosus
Circus cyaneus
Circus pygargus
Coracias garrulus
Crex crex
Dendrocopos medius
Dendrocopos syriacus
Dryocopus martius
Egretta alba
Egretta garzetta
Falco columbarius
Ficedula albicollis
Grus grus
Haliaeetus albicilla
Ixobrychus minutus
Lanius collurio
Lanius minor
Luscinia svecica
Mergus albellus
Milvus migrans
Nycticorax nycticorax
Pandion haliaetus
Pernis apivorus
Phalacrocorax pygmeus
Picus canus
Platalea leucorodia
Plegadis falcinellus
Porzana parva
Porzana porzana
Recurvirostra avosetta
Sterna albifrons
Sterna hirundo
Sylvia nisoria
Reptiles and Amphibians
Bombina bombina
Triturus dobrogicus
Emys orbicularis
Fishes
Eudontomyzon spp. (mariae)
Lampetra fluviatilis
Lampetra planeri
Aspius aspius
Barbus meridionalis
Chalcalburnus chalcoides
Gobio uranoscopus
Rhodeus sericeus amarus
Cobitis taenia
Misgurnus fossilis
Sabanejewia aurata
Cottus gobio
Gymnocephalus schraetzer
Zingel streber
Invertebrates
Cerambyx cerdo
Lucanus cervus
Euphydryas aurinia
Euphydryas maturna
Lycaena dispar
Maculinea nausithous
Maculinea teleius
Flora
Armoracia macrocarpa
Continental
Mammals
Rhinolophus euryale
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
Rhinolophus hipposideros
Barbastella barbastellus
Miniopterus schreibersi
Myotis bechsteini
Myotis blythii
Myotis emarginatus
Myotis myotis
Castor fiber
Lutra lutra
Birds
Botaurus stellaris
Ixobrychus minutus
Nycticorax nycticorax
Ardeola ralloides
Egretta alba
Egretta garzetta
Ardea purpurea
Ciconia ciconia
Ciconia nigra
Plegadis falcinellus
Platalea leucorodia
Aythya nyroca
Pernis apivorus
Milvus migrans
Haliaeetus albicilla
Circus aeruginosus
Circus pygargus
Aquila chrysaetos
Aquila pomarina
Hieraaetus pennatus
Falco peregrinus
Crex crex
Porzana parva
Porzana porzana
Himantopus himantopus
Chlidonias hybridus
Sterna hirundo
Sterna albifrons
Strix uralensis
Asio flammeus
Caprimulgus europaeus
Alcedo atthis
Coracias garrulus
Dendrocopos leucotos
Dendrocopos medius
Dendrocopos syriacus
Dryocopus martius
Picus canus
Lullula arborea
Lanius collurio
Lanius minor
Acrocephalus melanopogon
Sylvia nisoria
Ficedula albicollis
Ficedula parva
Emberiza hortulana
Mergus albellus
Pandion haliaetus
Aquila heliaca
Grus grus
Recurvirostra avosetta
Limosa lapponica
Chlidonias niger
Anthus campestris
Luscinia svecica
Gavia arctica
Phalacrocorax pygmeus
Falco columbarius
Reptiles and Amphibians
Bombina bombina
Bombina variegata
Triturus carnifex
Triturus dobrogicus
Emys orbicularis
Fishes
Eudontomyzon spp. (mariae)
Lampetra fluviatilis
Hucho hucho
Aspius aspius
Barbus meridionalis
Chalcalburnus chalcoides
Gobio uranoscopus
Rhodeus sericeus amarus
Rutilus pigus
Cobitis taenia
Misgurnus fossilis
Sabanejewia aurata
Cottus gobio
Gymnocephalus schraetzer
Zingel streber
Invertebrates
Cerambyx cerdo
Lucanus cervus
Rosalia alpina
Euphydryas aurinia
Euphydryas maturna
Lycaena dispar
Maculinea nausithous
Maculinea teleius
Flora
Aldrovanda vesiculosa
Caldesia parnassifolia
Cypripedium calceolus
Eleocharis carniolica
Marsilea quadrifolia
Luronium natans
Carex acuta
Liparis loeselii
Alpine
Mammals
Rhinolophus euryale
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
Rhinolophus hipposideros
Barbastella barbastellus
Miniopterus schreibersi
Myotis blythii
Myotis capaccinii
Myotis emarginatus
Myotis myotis
Canis lupus
Lutra lutra
Lynx lynx
Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica
Ursus arctos
Birds
Aegolius funereus
Anthus campestris
Aquila chrysaetos
Bonasa bonasia
Bubo bubo
Circus pygargus
Crex crex
Dendrocopos leucotos
Dryocopus martius
Emberiza hortulana
Falco peregrinus
Ficedula albicollis
Ficedula parva
Glaucidium passerinum
Lanius collurio
Pernis apivorus
Picoides tridactylus
Picus canus
Strix uralensis
Sylvia nisoria
Tetrao urogallus
Reptiles and Amphibians
Vipera ursinii
Triturus carnifex
Bombina variegata
Proteus anguinus
Fishes
Eudontomyzon spp. (mariae)
Hucho hucho
Barbus meridionalis
Chalcalburnus chalcoides
Phoxinellus spp. (croaticus, fontinalis, jadovensis, krbavensis)
Rhodeus sericeus amarus
Rutilus pigus
Cobitis taenia
Misgurnus fossilis
Sabanejewia aurata
Cottus gobio
Gobio uranoscopus
Zingel streber
Invertebrates
Cerambyx cerdo
Lucanus cervus
Rosalia alpina
Euphydryas aurinia
Euphydryas maturna
Lycaena dispar
Austropotamobius pallipes
Flora
Aquilegia kitaibelii
Cypripedium calceolus
Eleocharis carniolica
Eryngium alpinum
Genista holopetala
Ligularia sibirica
Lilium bosniacum
Moehringia tommasinii
Angelica palustris
Apium repens
Carex acuta
Mediterranean
Mammals
Rhinolophus blasii
Rhinolophus euryale
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
Rhinolophus hipposideros
Rhinolophus mehelyi
Miniopterus schreibersi
Myotis bechsteini
Myotis blythii
Myotis capaccinii
Myotis emarginatus
Myotis myotis
Canis lupus
Lutra lutra
Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica
Monachus monachus (RE: only vagrant specimens)
Tursiops truncatus
Phocoena phocoena
Birds
Accipiter brevipes
Acrocephalus melanopogon
Alcedo atthis
Anthus campestris
Aquila chrysaetos
Aquila clanga
Aquila heliaca
Ardea purpurea
Ardeola ralloides
Asio flammeus
Botaurus stellaris
Bubo bubo
Burhinus oedicnemus
Calandrella brachydactyla
Calonectris diomedea
Caprimulgus europaeus
Chlidonias hybridus
Chlidonias niger
Circaetus gallicus
Circus aeruginosus
Circus cyaneus
Circus macrourus
Circus pygargus
Coracias garrulus
Crex crex
Egretta garzetta
Emberiza hortulana
Falco biarmicus
Falco columbarius
Falco eleonorae
Falco naumanni
Falco peregrinus
Falco vespertinus
Ficedula albicollis
Gavia arctica
Gavia stellata
Glareola pratincola
Grus grus
Gyps fulvus
Hieraaetus fasciatus
Hieraaetus pennatus
Himantopus himantopus
Hippolais olivetorum
Ixobrychus minutus
Lanius collurio
Lanius minor
Limosa lapponica
Lullula arborea
Luscinia svecica
Melanocorypha calandra
Mergus albellus
Nycticorax nycticorax
Pandion haliaetus
Pernis apivorus
Phalacrocorax pygmeus
Platalea leucorodia
Plegadis falcinellus
Porzana parva
Porzana porzana
Porzana pusilla
Recurvirostra avosetta
Sterna albifrons
Sterna hirundo
Sterna sandvicensis
Sylvia nisoria
Reptiles and Amphibians
Caretta caretta
Emys orbicularis
Testudo hermanni
Mauremys caspica
Elaphe quatuorlineata
Elaphe situla
Vipera ursinii
Triturus carnifex
Bombina variegata
Proteus anguinus
Fish
Lampetra fluviatilis
Petromyzon marinus
Lethenteron zanandreai
Acipenser naccarii
Acipenser sturio
Knipowitschia panizzae (Padogobius panizzae)
Pomatoschistus canestrini
Alosa spp
Salmo marmoratus
Alburnus albidus
Barbus plebejus
Leuciscus souffia
Phoxinellus spp. (alepidotus, adspersus, dalmaticus, ghetaldii, metohiensis)
Rutilus rubilio
Cobitis taenia (C. taenia bilineata, C. t. dalmatina, C. t. narentae)
Aphanius fasciatus
Cottus gobio
Padogobius panizzae (=Knipowitschia)
Pomatoschistus canestrinii
Alosa fallax
Invertebrates
Lucanus cervus
Coenonympha oedippus
Lycaena dispar
Austropotamobius pallipes
Unio crassus
Flora
Aldrovanda vesiculosa
Eleocharis carniolica
Salicornia veneta
Appendix III.
Proposal for the extension of list of Emerald species
Regarding the expansion of species list, the expert group decided to propose following species to be added to the Emerald species list:
- all vascular plants that belong to Critically Endangered in Croatia (regional IUCN category CR);
- all known stenoendemic taxa requiring specific conservation measures;
- certain animal taxa from IUCN 2002 list requiring specific conservation measures;
- certain other species representatives of threatened habitats in Croatia;
- all marine species from the list of the Barcelona Convention.
VASCULAR FLORA (non-marine)
Prepared by Toni Nikolić, PhD
Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Zagreb
CR (Critically endangered taxa in Croatia)
Aeluropus littoralis (Gouan) Parl.
Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. ssp. pectinatum (M.Bieb.) Tzvelev
Alopecurus bulbosus Gouan
Alyssum montanum L. ssp. gmelinii (Jord.) Em. Schmid
Anemone sylvestris L.
Anthemis tomentosa L.
Asplenium sagittatum (DC.) Bange
Aster tripolium L. Ssp.pannonicus (Jacq.) Soó
Baldellia ranunculoides (L.) Parl.
Bassia laniflora (S.G.Gmel.) A.J.Scott
Beckmannia eruciformis (L.) Host
Betula pubescens Ehrh.
Bupleurum lancifolium Hornem.
Calla palustris L.
Calystegia soldanella (L.) R. Br.
Camphorosma annua Pallas
Carex bohemica Schreb.
Carex pulicaris L.
Catabrosa aquatica (L.) P.Beauv.
Chamaecytisus ratisbonensis (Schaeff.) Rothm.
Consolida ajacis (L.) Schur
Consolida brevicornis (Vis.) Soo
Consolida orientalis (Gay) Schrödinger
Convolvulus lineatus L.
Corynephorus canescens (L.) P.Beauv.
Corynephorus divaricatus (Pourr.) Breistr.
Cutandia maritima (L.) Barbey
Cyperus capitatus Vand.
Delphinium halteratum Sm. in Sibth. et Sm.
Digitalis lanata Ehrh.
Doronicum hungaricum Rchb.f.
Dorycnium rectum (L.) Ser.
Drosera rotundifolia L.
Echinophora spinosa L.
Eleocharis uniglumis (Link) Schult.
Elymus farctus (Viv.) Runemark ex Melderis
Eriophorum angustifolium Honck.
Eriophorum vaginatum L.
Festuca vaginata Waldst. et Kit. ex Willd.
Fimbristylis bisumbellata (Forssk.) Bubani
Galium rubioides L.
Galium uliginosum L.
Geranium dalmaticum (Beck) Rech.f.
Heliotropium supinum L.
Hieracium echioides Lumn.
Hydrocotyle vulgaris L.
Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch.
Kitaibela vitifolia Willd.
Koeleria glauca (Schrad.) DC.
Lathyrus ochrus (L.) DC.
Ligularia sibirica (L.) Cass.
Limosella aquatica L.
Lycopodiella inundata (L.) Holub
Lythrum tribracteatum Salzm. ex Spreng.
Mandragora officinarum L.
Myosurus minimus L.
Myricaria germanica (L.) Desv.
Ophioglossum lusitanicum L.
Osmunda regalis L.
Pancratium maritimum L.
Papaver argemone L.
Papaver hybridum L.
Pholiurus pannonicus (Host) Trin.
Pilularia minuta Durieu
Pinguicula vulgaris L.
Plantago indica L.
Plantago tenuiflora Waldst. et Kit.
Polygonum arenarium Waldst. et Kit.
Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop.
Prunus tenella Batsch
Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl. ssp. distans
Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl. ssp. Limosa (Schur) Jáv.
Pulsatilla pratensis (L.) Miller ssp. nigricans (Störck) Zam.
Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl
Saccharum ravennae (L.) Murray
Scirpus cespitosus L.
Scirpus mucronatus L.
Scirpus setaceus L.
Scirpus supinus L.
Sporobolus pungens (Schreb.) Kunth
Tofieldia calyculata (L.) Wahlenb.
Trifolium michelianum Savi
Triglochin bulbosa L.
Triglochin maritimum L.
Triglochin palustris L.
Typha laxmannii Lepech.
Typha minima Funck
Vaccaria hispanica (Miller) Rauschert
Ventenata dubia (Leers) Coss.
Veronica dillenii Crantz
List of stenoendemic taxa of vascular flora of Croatia requiring specific habitat conservation measures not included in the Emerald species list
1. Aethionema saxatile (L.) R. Br. ssp. scopulorum (Ronniger) I. A. Anderson, A. Carlström, Franzén, Karlen et H. Nybom (M)
2. Allium horvatii Lovrić (M)
3. Allium incensiodorum Radić (M)
4. Anthyllis aurea Host ssp. velebitica Degen (A)
5. Argyrolobium dalmaticum (Vis.) Asch. et Graebn. (M)
6. Aristolochia croatica Horvatić (M)
7. Arum orientale M.Bieb. ssp. longispathum (Rchb.) Engl. (M)
8. Asperula borbasiana Korica (M)
9. Asperula staliana Vis. (M)
10. Asperula staliana Vis. ssp. arenaria Korica (M)
11. Asperula staliana Vis. ssp. issaea Korica (M)
12. Asperula staliana Vis. ssp. staliana (M)
13. Asperula visianii Korica (M)
14. Asperula wettsteinii Adamović (A)
15. Asperula woloszczakii Korica (M)
16. Asplenium hybridum (Milde) Bange (M)
17. Astragalus angustifolius Lam. ssp. biokovensis Kušan (A)
18. Astragalus pelecinus (L.) Barneby ssp. dalmatica Trinajstić (M)
19. Brassica botterii Vis. (M)
20. Brassica cazzae Ginzb. et Teyber (M)
21. Brassica mollis Vis. (M)
22. Campanula poscharskyana Deg. (M)
23. Carlina fiumensis Simonk. (M)
24. Centaurea biokovensis Teyber (A)
25. Centaurea crithmifolia Vis. (M)
26. Centaurea cuspidata Vis. (M)
27. Centaurea dalmatica A.Kern. (M)
28. Centaurea friderici Vis. (M)
29. Centaurea incompta Vis. (M)
30. Centaurea jabukensis Ginzb. et Teyber (M)
31. Centaurea radichii Plazibat (A)
32. Centaurea ragusina L. (M)
33. Centaurea visianiana Plazibat (M)
34. Degenia velebitica (Degen) Hayek (A)
35. Edraianthus dalmaticus (A.DC.) A.DC. (M)
36. Edraianthus dinaricus (A.Kern.) Wettst. (A,M)
37. Edraianthus pumilio (Schult.) A.DC. (M)
38. Edraianthus serpyllifolius (Vis.) A.DC. (A,M)
39. Fibigia triquetra (DC.) Boiss. ex Prantl (M)
40. Helleborus multifidus Vis. ssp. istriacus (Schiffn.) Merxm. et Podl. (A,M)
41. Hieracium velebiticum Degen et Zahn (A)
42. Hyacinthella dalmatica (Baker) Chouard (M)
43. Iris pseudopallida Trinajstić (M)
44. Iris pseudopumila Tineo (M)
45. Iris x rotschildii Degen (M)
46. Knautia adriatica Ehrend. (M)
47. Knautia clementii (Beck) Ehrend. (M)
48. Knautia dalmatica Beck (M)
49. Knautia velebitica Szabó (A)
50. Limonium subanfractum Trinajstić (M)
51. Limonium vestitum (Salmon) Salmon (M)
52. Lolium subulatum Vis. (M)
53. Lonicera glutinosa Vis. (M)
54. Micromeria pseudocroatica Šilić (A)
55. Ornithogalum dalmaticum Speta (M)
56. Ornithogalum televrinum Speta (M)
57. Ornithogalum visianicum Tomm. (M)
58. Oxytropis dinarica (Murb.) Wettst. ssp. velebitica Chrtek et Chrtková (A)
59. Oxytropis dinarica (Murb.) Wettst. ssp. weberi Chrtek et Chrtková (A)
60. Pinus nigra Arnold ssp. dalmatica (Vis.) Franco (M)
61. Primula kitaibeliana Schott (A)
62. Ranunculus dalmaticus Grossg. (M)
63. Senecio papposus (Rchb.) Less. ssp. kitaibelii (Jáv.) Cufod. (A)
64. Seseli tomentosum Vis. (M)
65. Silene velebitica (Degen) Wrigley (A)
66. Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. ssp. adriaticum (Beck) Markgr. (M)
67. Viola adriatica Freyn (M)
68. Viola dinarica Trinajstić (A)
MARINE FLORA
Marine species, which appear in Croatia, for the Selection of Sites to be included in the National Inventories of Natural Sites of Conservation Interest – Barcelona Convention (see page 33):
Species code |
Species name |
Annex II |
Annex III |
Magnoliophyta |
|||
2276 |
Posidonia oceanica |
Y |
|
2277 |
Zostera marina |
Y |
|
3001 |
Zostera noltii |
Y |
|
Phaeophyta |
|||
2043 |
Cystoseira amentacea (including var. stricta and var. spicata) |
Y |
|
2044 |
Cystoseira mediterranea |
Y |
|
2046 |
Cystoseira spinosa (including C. adriatica) |
Y |
|
2047 |
Cystoseira zosteroides |
Y |
|
2049 |
Laminaria rodriguezii |
Y |
|
Rhodophyta |
|||
2039 |
Goniolithon byssoides |
Y |
|
2040 |
Lithophyllum lichenoides |
Y |
|
Prepared by Nikola Tvrtković, PhD
Zoologist and director of Croatian Natural History Museum, Zagreb
On the list of Appendix 10 of Resolution 6. of the Standing Committe of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats are 176 terrestrial, freshwater (including transitional water) and aerial species requiring specific habitat conservation measures in Croatia. On this list are only 1 % endemic taxa, distantly from actual situation with high endemism, especially in Dinaric Alps and in karst area along the Adriatic coast. Only one cave species (Proteus anguinus) is on the list, contrary high valorisation of Dinaric karst as most richest underground habitat with troglobites and stygobites on the World (Culver & Sket 2000). Some endangered habitats like brakish habitats, temporary waters, springs and dune habitats are without representatives too. But, it is probably usual in first stage of process of incorporation of new country into Emerald Network, surrounded partialy with countries in similar situation.
In consultation and collaboration with specialists for different groups of animals from Croatia and Slovenia (Franković, M.; Gjurašin, B.; Gottstein-Matočec, S.; Jalžić, B.; Kletečki, E.; Kryštufek, B.; Kršinić, F.; Kučinić, M.; Leiner, S.; Mrakovčić, M.; Ozimec, R.; Sivec, N.; Sket, B.; Šašić, M.; Štamol, V.; Tutiš, V.; Velkovrh, F..; Zupančić, ) we prepared first draft of our proposal to extend list of Croatian species requiring habitat conservation measurements. Our proposal content, except extraordinarly high number of cave and interstitial species, have relatively high additions in Arthropods, Fishes, Molluscs and Mammals, and only two more species of Reptiles, and no additions in Birds, Amphibians and Lampreys (Tab. 1).
Table 1. Short statistical review of proposed additions to the List of species requiring specific habitat conservation measures from Croatia. Vertebrates and Invertebrates without marine species.
Starting Croatian List from Append.. 10 of Emerald Network |
Proposed additional species from Croatia without cave fauna |
Proposed additional cave and interstitial invertebrates from Croatia |
Croatian taxa if proposal will be accept |
Croatian endemic taxa in App. 10 |
Croatian endemic taxa if proposal will be accept |
% endemic taxa of all proposed taxa |
|
Mammals |
22 |
7 |
0 |
29 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Aves |
101 |
0 |
0 |
101 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Reptiles |
5 |
2 |
0 |
7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Amphibians |
6 |
0 |
0 |
6 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Lampreys |
3 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Fishes |
28 |
10 |
0 |
38 |
4 |
7 |
5.4 % |
Arthropods |
10 |
29 |
39 |
78 |
0 |
39 |
50 % |
Molluscs |
1 |
8 |
66 |
75 |
0 |
38 |
50 % |
Other invertebrates |
0 |
0 |
5 |
5 |
0 |
2 |
40 % |
All animals |
176 |
56 |
110 |
342 |
4 |
86 |
25% |
From proposed Arthropodes are higher number of the butterflies (11 species): eight species from the Red List of Van Swaay & Warren (1999) for Europe and three stenoendemic taxa from very isolated parts of Dinaric Alps. All these butterflies are on the first Red List of Croatian Butterflies (in press). Seven species are crustaceans from Brachipoda group: they live in Croatia generally very threatened habitats – temporary flooded depressions near big rivers or temporary ponds. Proposed are some other species too, like dragonsfly Aeschna viridis, known only from one locality near Drava river (oxbow with threatened plant Stratiotes aloides and their small water reservoirs, important microhabitat for dragonflies larvae). Two species of caddis-flies (Trichoptera) are both steoendemic, living only in some karstic springs. Two stoneflies (Plecoptera) are inhabitans of metapotamal streams. They are threatened with extinction because of their sensitivity on water pollution. Grasshopper Acrida hungarica is one of the last representatives of high number of steppe-like meadows on dunes along Drava river in the past. Prionotropis hystrix hystrix is endemic grasshopper of dry rocky seminatural pastures on Mediterranean foothils of Dinaric Alps, recently in decline because of loss of traditional cattle breeding.
All of teen proposed freshwater fishes are from IUCN 2002 Red Data List, mostly highly endangered. Two are from Danube tributary, both Vulnerable and need protection of habitats, and others are from endemic and relict Adriatic rivers communities. Two of them (Chondrostoma phoxinus, Leuciscus ukliva) are Criticaly Endangered, only small isolated rest of large population from past survive. Leuciscus turskyi is on the IUCN list as Extinct, but last small population of the species was found in Vrba stream near Čikola spring (Krka river tributary). All proposed fishes are on new Red List of Croatian freshwater fish fauna (in press).
Half of proposed water snails are the representatives of threatened small brakish springs and creeks, or river bed of estuaries (Obrovia, Hydrobia), and a rest are water snails from isolated tufa deposits of Pannonian Mts. (Graziana), Adriatic islands or coastal freshwater springs (Adrioinsulana, Vinodolia).
In proposed group of mammals, five are on IUCN 2002 Red Data List and two are new species from bat genus Plecotus, geneticaly confirmed (Mayer & von Helversen 2001; Spitzenberger et all. 2001; Spitzenberger et all. 2002; Kiefer et al. 2002). Their restricted distribution and small populations need protection in nesting and foraging habitats. All other mammal species with international IUCN status are in Croatia in decline, and on new Croatian Red List (in press). For example, Dinaric relict vole (Dinaromys bogdanovi) inhabited only restricted localities with special type of karst, and it is very sensitive for threats because of K-selection type of life (Kryštufek et al. 2001).
From snakes, dice snake (Natrix tessellata) loss habitats (canalizing streams) and natural food resurces with poverty of fish species in polluted waters. Blind snake (Typhlops vermicularis) are restricted to Mediterranean karst fields (food are mostly termite) and threatened with new mechanical type of preparaton of soil (to deep ploughing).
The largest group of proposed additions are mostly from cave invertebrates and in smaller number from interstitial invertebrates. Our choise are from the most threatened groups and species (mostly water cave animals), to representatives of some specific partialy threatened habitats, like ice caves (Leptodirus, Astagobius, Speoplanes, Spelaeodromus), cave hygropetricum (Radziella, Prospaeleobates, Croatodirus), karst springs of portable water (Hydrobiidae gen.spec.), intersticial brakish water habitats or anchihaline waters in caves (Hadzia, Melita, Monodella, Heleobia, Lanzaia sketi), and subthermal subterranean springs (Protelsonia hungarica thermalis, Pseudoniphargus adriaticus, Hadziella thermalis). High number of proposed species is result of their restricted distribution, in most cases in only one cave system or one or small number of neighbouring springs. Only with this number of species it is possible to cover most of important and threatened individual localities. Some of species from proposed list are unique cave representatives of some higher taxonomic groups, like sponge Eunapius subterraneus, clam Congeria kusceri, hydrozoan Velkovrhia enigmatica and serpulid tube worm Marifugia cavatica, and all are relicts from Tertiary. Recent findings of new unexpected species like Velebit cave leech Croatobranchus mestrovi (Sket et al. 2001) and probably new species of Congeria (Jalžić 2001) require urgent protection of Dinaric karst underground habitats.
Emerald Network – proposed list of Croatian animals without cave and marine species
Prepared by Nikola Tvrtković, PhD
Geographic regions abbreviations used are: P-Pannonian, C–Continental, A-Alpine, M-Mediterranean
Marked with * are taxa from IUCN 2002 Red List.
Marked with ** are taxa from European Red List –Lepidoptera (Van Sway & Warren)
CHIROPTERA
Vespertilionidae
1. Plecotus alpinus (A, M)
2. Plecotus kolombatovici (M)
RODENTIA
Myoxidae
3. Dryomys nitedula* (A)
Muridae
4. Dinaromys bogdanovi * (A, M)
5. Micromys minutus * (P, C, A, M)
6. Mus spicilegus *(P) NT
7. Nannospalax leucodon * (P)
OPHIDIA
Typhlophidae
8. Typhlops vermicularis (M)
Colubridae
9. Natrix tessellata (P, C, A, M)
OSTEICHTHYES
Acipensiridae
10.Acipenser ruthenus * (P, C)
Salmonidae
11.Salmothymus obtusirostris * (M)
Cyprinidae
12.Aulopyge huegeli * (M)
12.Chondrostoma knerii * (M)
14.Chondrostoma phoxinus * (M)
15.Leuciscus polylepis * (A) endemic
16.Leuciscus turskyi * (M) endemic
17.Leuciscus ukliva * (M)
Gobiidae
18.Knipowitschia croatica * (M) endemic
Umbridae
19.Umbra krameri * (P, C)
INSECTA
Odonata
20.Aeschna viridis (C, P)
Trichoptera
21.Arthripsodes dalmatinus (M) endemic
22.Drusus croaticus (A) endemic
Plecoptera
23.Isogenus nubecula (C)
24.Marthamea vitrripenis (C)
Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera
25.Apatura metis ** (P)
26.Erebia phegea dalmata (M) endemic
27.Erebia oeme megaspodia (A) endemic
28.Erebia styria gorana (A) endemic
29.Leptidea morsei ** (C)
30.Maculinea alcon ** (C, A)
31.Maculinea arion ** (A)
32.Maculinea rebeli * (A)
33.Nymphalis xanthomelas ** (C, P)
34.Parnassius apollo liburnicus * (A) endemic
35.Scolitantides orion ** (A)
Orthoptera
36.Acrida hungarica (P)
37.Prionotropis hystrix hystrix (M) endemic
CRUSTACEA
Decapoda
38.Austropotamobius torrentinum * (C, A)
Copepoda
39.Acartia italica (M)
Brachipoda, Anostraca
40.Brachipus spp. (P, C, M)
41.Chirocephalus croaticus * (A) endemic
42.Streptocephalus torvicornis (P)
Brachipoda, Notostraca
43.Eoleptestheria spinosa * (P, C)
44.Lepidurus apus (C, M)
45.Limnadia spp. (P)
46.Triops cancriformis (C, M)
Amphipoda
47.Niphargus hrabei *(P, C)
48.Niphargus valachicus * (P, C)
MOLLUSCS (taxonomy after CLECOM project, Aug 2001, Göteborgs NatHistMus)
GASTROPODA
Neotaenioglossa
Hydrobiidae
49.Obrovia salaria (M) endemic
50.Obrovia testadura (M) endemic
51.Hydrobia cissana (M) endemic
52.Hydrobia spalatina (M) endemic
53.Adrioinsulana conovula (M) endemic
54.Vinodolia fiumana (M) endemic
55.Graziana papukensis (C) endemic
56.Graziana slavonica (C) endemic
Emerald Network – proposed List of Croatian
Cave Invertebrates
Prepared by Nikola Tvrtković, PhD
Geographic regions abbreviations used are: C–continental, A-alpine, M-Mediterranean)
Marked with * are taxa from IUCN 2002 Red List
INSECTA
Coleoptera, Catopiidae
1. Radziella styx (A) endemic
2. Prospaelobates bagnoloi (M) endemic
3. Croatodirus bozicevici (A) endemic
4. Leptodirus hochenwarti (A)
5. Astagobius spp. (angustatus, hadzii) (A) 1 endemic
6. Spaeoplanes giganteus (A) endemic
7. Redensekia likana (A) endemic
8. Spelaeodromus pluto (A) endemic
9. Spelaeobates spp. (M) (bachofeni, czernyi, kraussi, novaki, peneckei, pharensis) all endemics
10. Speonesiotes spp. (M) (dorotkanus, paganettii) 1 endemic
ARACHNIDA
Araneae
11. Stalita pretneri (A, M) endemic
12. Troglohyphantes spp. (7) (A, M) 5 endemics
Opiliones
13. Lola insularis (M) endemic
14. Travunia jandai (M) endemic
CRUSTACEA
Decapoda
15. Speleocaris pretneri (A, M)
16. Troglocaris anophthalmus *(A, M)
Amphipoda
17. Hadzia fragilis (M)
18. Niphargus castellanus (M) endemic
19. Niphargus croaticus (A) endemic
20. Niphargus hvarensis (M) endemic
21. Niphargus kolombatovici (A, M)
22. Niphargus miljeticus (M) endemic
23. Niphargus pectencoronatus (M) endemic
24. Melita spp. (valesi) (M)
25. Pseudoniphargus adriaticus (M)
26. Salentinella angelieri (M)
27. Typhlogammarus mrazeki (A, M)
Isopoda
28. Monolistra spp.(A:caeca, velkovrhi, hercegovinensis, sketi, M:bericum, pretneri)
2 endemics
29. Protelsonia hungarica thermalis (C) endemic
30. Sphaeromides virei (M)
Ostracoda
31. Mixtacandona hvarensis (M) endemic
Thermosbaenacea
32. Monodella halophila (M)
MOLLUSCA (taxonomy after CLECOM project, Aug 2001, Göteborgs NatHistMus)
BIVALVIA
Veneroida
Dreissenidae
38. Congeria kusceri (A, M)
GASTROPODA
Pulmonata
Acroloxidae
39. Acroloxus spp. (cave species only) (A) 1 endemic
Planorbidae
40. Ancylus spp. (cave species only) (C, A)
Carychiidae
41. Zospeum spp. (5) (C, A, M) 1 endemic
Zonitidae
42. Aegopis spaeleus (M)
43. Trogloaegopis mosorensis (M) endemic
44. Meledella werneri (M) endemic
Prosobranchia
Cyclophoridae
45. Pholeoteras eutrix (M)
Neotaenioglossa
Hydrobiidae
46. Belgrandiella croatica (A) endemic
47. Belgrandiella krupensis (M) endemic
48. Belgrandiella pageti (A) endemic
49. Belgrandiella torifera (M)
50. Bythinella kapelana (A) endemic
51. Bythinella magna (A) endemic
52. Cilgia dalmatica (M)
53. Costellina spp. (M) (labiata, turrita) 1 endemic
54. Dalmatella spp. (M) 2 endemic
55. Hadziella spp. (C: thermalis, A: rudnicae, M: anti, sketi) 3 endemic
56. Hauffenia spp. (A: media, tovunica, M: jadertina, edlaueri, plana, sinjana)
3 endemic
57. Heleobia (Semisalsa) spp.(2) (M) 1 endemic
58. Iglica spp. (C: langhofferi, M forumjuliana, bagliviaeformis, elongata)
59. Islamia latina (M) endemic
60. Istriana mirnae (M) endemic
61. Lanzaia spp. (A: rudnicae, M: edlaueri, kotlusae, kusceri, skradinensis, sketi, vjetrenicae)
4 endemic
62. Orientalina spp. (A: bosnica, M: curta, troglobia) 1 endemic
63. Paladilhiopsis spp. (A: grobbeni, M: illustris, pretneri, sp.(Lastovo Isl.)
2 endemic
64. Plagygeria spp. (M) (asculpta, klemmi, nitida, robusta, zetaprogne)
65. Sadleriana cavernosa (A) endemic
66. Sadleriana supercarinata (A) endemic
67. Saxurinator spp. (M) (brandtii, labiatus, microbeliscus)
Neritopsina
Neritidae
68. Theodoxus (Neritea) subterrelictus (M)
Spongilidae
33. Eunapius subterraneus (A) endemic
HIRUDINEA
Erpobdellidae
34. Croatobranchus mestrovi (A) endemic
35. Dina absoloni (A, M)
HYDROZOA
Bougainvilliidae
36. Velkovrhia enigmatica (A)
POLYCHAETA
Serpulidae
37. Marifugia cavatica (C, A, M)
EMERALD NETWORK – PROPOSED LIST OF MARINE SPECIES
Prepared by Tatjana Bakran-Petricioli, Ph D
Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Zagreb
List of marine species requiring specific habitat conservation measures according to Bern Convention is lacking many species important for Mediterranean, as well as for Adriatic, so from the Croatian point of view it is necessary to supplement this list with marine species listed for the selection of sites to be included in the national inventories of natural sites of conservation interest in Croatia according to Barcelona Convention (II.B.).
Marine fauna, which appear in Croatia, for the Selection of Sites to be included in the National Inventories of Natural Sites of Conservation Interest – Barcelona Convention:
Species code |
Species name |
Annex II |
Annex III |
Porifera |
|||
2564 |
Asbestopluma hypogea |
Y |
|
3018 |
Aplysina sp. Plur. |
Y |
|
3002 |
Axinella cannabina |
Y |
|
2565 |
Axinella polypoides |
Y |
|
3003 |
Geodia cydonium |
Y |
|
3032 |
Hippospongia communis |
Y |
|
3004 |
Ircinia foetida |
Y |
|
2566 |
Petrobiona massiliana |
Y |
|
3006 |
Spongia agaricina |
Y |
|
3007 |
Spongia officinalis |
Y |
|
3009 |
Tethya sp. Plur. |
Y |
|
Cnidaria |
|||
3010 |
Antipathes sp. Plur. |
Y |
|
1001 |
Corallium rubrum |
Y |
|
2562 |
Gerardia savaglia |
Y |
|
Echinodermata |
|||
2587 |
Asterina pancerii |
Y |
|
1008 |
Centrostephanus longispinus |
Y |
|
2588 |
Ophiodiaster ophidianus |
Y |
|
3011 |
Paracentrotus lividus |
Y |
|
Bryozoa |
|||
3012 |
Hornera lichenoides |
Y |
|
Mollusca |
|||
2574 |
Ranella olearia (=Argobuccinum olearium = A. giganteum) |
Y |
|
2568 |
Charonia lampas (= Ch. Rubicanda = Ch. Nodifera) |
Y |
|
2569 |
Charonia tritonis (= Ch. Seguenziae) |
Y |
|
2571 |
Erosaria spurca |
Y |
|
1027 |
Lithophaga lithophaga |
Y |
|
2572 |
Luria lurida (= Cypraea lurida) |
Y |
|
2573 |
Mitra zonata |
Y |
|
1012 |
Patella ferruginea |
Y |
|
2581 |
Pholas dactylus |
Y |
|
1028 |
Pinna nobilis |
Y |
|
2580 |
Pinna rudis (= P. pernula) |
Y |
|
2576 |
Tonna galea |
Y |
|
2577 |
Zonaria pyrum |
Y |
|
Crustacea |
|||
3013 |
Homarus gammarus |
Y |
|
3014 |
Maja squinado |
Y |
|
3015 |
Palinurus elephas |
Y |
|
1090 |
Scyllarides latus |
Y |
|
3016 |
Scyllarides pigmaeus |
Y |
|
3017 |
Scyllarides arctus |
Y |
|
Pisces |
|||
1100 |
Acipenser naccarii |
Y |
|
1101 |
Acipenser sturio |
Y |
|
1102 |
Alosa alosa |
Y |
|
1103 |
Alosa fallax |
Y |
|
3019 |
Anguilla anguilla |
Y |
|
1152 |
Aphanius fasciatus |
Y |
|
3020 |
Cetorhinus maximus |
Y |
|
2486 |
Carcharodon carcharias |
Y |
|
3021 |
Epinephelus marginatus |
Y |
|
2539 |
Hippocampus ramulosus |
Y |
|
2538 |
Hippocampus hippocampus |
Y |
|
2489 |
Huso huso |
Y |
|
3022 |
Isurus oxyrinchus |
Y |
|
3023 |
Lamna nasus |
Y |
|
1099 |
Lampetra fluviatilis |
Y |
|
3024 |
Mobula mobular |
Y |
|
1095 |
Petromyzon marinus |
Y |
|
1154 |
Pomatoschistus canestrinii |
Y |
|
2552 |
Pomatoschistus tortonesei |
Y |
|
3025 |
Prionace glauca |
Y |
|
3026 |
Raja alba |
Y |
|
3027 |
Sciaena umbra |
Y |
|
3028 |
Squatina squatina |
Y |
|
3029 |
Thunnus thynnus |
Y |
|
3030 |
Umbrina cirrosa |
Y |
|
3031 |
Xiphias gladius |
Y |
|
Reptiles |
|||
1224 |
Caretta caretta |
Y |
|
1227 |
Chelonia mydas |
Y |
|
1223 |
Dermochelys coriacea |
Y |
|
Mammalia |
|||
2618 |
Balaenoptera acutorostrata |
Y |
|
2621 |
Balaenoptera physalus |
Y |
|
1350 |
Delphinus delphis |
Y |
|
1348 |
Eubalaena glacialis |
Y |
|
2029 |
Globicephala melas |
Y |
|
2030 |
Grampus griseus |
Y |
|
1366 |
Monachus monachus |
Y |
|
1351 |
Phocoena phocoena |
Y |
|
2624 |
Physeter macrocephalus |
Y |
|
2028 |
Pseudorca crassidens |
Y |
|
2034 |
Stenella coeruleoalba |
Y |
|
1349 |
Tursiops truncatus |
Y |
|
2035 |
Ziphius cavirostris |
Y |
Besides that the proposal is to add that endemic fish species for Adriatic:
Syngnathus taenionotus (Family : SYNGNATHIDAE) |
Corcyrogobius liechtensteini (Family : GOBIIDAE) |
Speleogobius trigloides (Family : GOBIIDAE) |
Didogobius schlieweni (Family : GOBIIDAE) |
Appendix IV.
Emerald habitat types in Croatia within biogeographical regions
Pannonic
22.31 Euro-Siberian perennial amphibious communities
22.321 Dwarf spike-rush communities
22.412 Frogbit rafts
22.413 Water-soldier rafts
22.414 Bladderwort colonies
22.415 Salvinia covers
22.4321 Water crowfoot communities
22.4323 Water violet beds
37.2 Eutrophic humid grasslands
41.2 Oak-hornbeam forests
44.1 Riparian willow formations
64 Inland sand dunes
Continental
22.31 Euro-Siberian perennial amphibious communities
22.321 Dwarf spike-rush communities
22.412 Frogbit rafts
22.413 Water-soldier rafts
22.414 Bladderwort colonies
22.415 Salvinia covers
22.4321 Water crowfoot communities
22.4323 Water violet beds
22.44 Chandalier algae submerged carpets
24.2 River gravels
31.2 European dry heaths
34.3 Dense perennial grasslands and middle European steppes
35.11 Mat-grass swards
37.2 Eutrophic humid grasslands
37.3 Oligotrophic humid grasslands
38.25 Continental meadows
41.1 Beech forests
41.1C1 Illyrian woodrush-beech forests
41.1C2 Illyrian neutrophile beech forests
41.1C21 Illyrian collinar neutrophile beech forests
41.1C221 Illyrian low-montane acidocline fir-beech forests
41.1C31 Illyrian coastal beech forests
41.1C321 Illyrian hop-hornbeam beech forests
41.2 Oak-hornbeam forests
41.2A1 Illyrian sessile oak-hornbeam forests
41.2A2 Illyrian pedunculate oak-hornbeam forests
41.4 Mixed ravine and slope forestsž
41.5 Acidophilous oak forests
41.573 Illyro-Pannonic thermophille acidophilous oak forests
41.5733 Illyro-Pannonic chesnut-sessile oak forests
41.5734 Illyrian birch-sessile oak acidophilous forests
41.5734B Illyrian fescue-sessile oak forests
41.7 Thermophilous and supra-Mediterranean oak woods
41.737 Eastern submediterranean white oak woods
41.73751 Illyrian hop-hornbeam white oak woods
41.8 Mixed thermophilous forests
42.5C Southeastern European Scots pine forests
42.62 Western Balkanic black pine forests
42.621 Dinaro-Pelagonian Pinus nigra forests
42A Western Palaearctic cypress, juniper and jew forests
44.1 Riparian willow formations
44.2 Boreal-Alpine river galleries
44.3 Middle European stream ash-alder woods
44.43 Southeast European ash-oak-alder forests
44.4311 Illyrian snow-flake ash-oak forests
44.4312 Illyrian greenweed oak-ash forests
44A Birch and conifer mire woods
53.3 Fen-sedge beds
54.12 Hard water spring mires
54.2 Rich fens
64 Inland sand dunes
Alpine
34.3 Dense perennial grasslands and middle European steppes
41.1 Beech forests
41.1C21 Illyrian collinar neutrophile beech forests
41.1C222 Illyrian low-montane neutrophile fir-beech forests
41.1C31 Illyrian coastal beech forests
41.1C4 Illyrian subalpine beech forests
41.7 Thermophilous and supra-Mediterranean oak woods
41.73751 Illyrian hop-hornbeam white oak woods
45.3 Holm-oak forests
Mediterranean
11.22 Sublittoral soft seabeds
11.24 Sublittoral rocky seabeds and kelp forests
11.25 Sublittoral organogenic concretions
11.26 Sublittoral cave communities
11.27 Soft sediment littoral communities
11.3 Sea‑grass meadows
13.2 Estuaries
15.1132 Venetian glasswort swards
15.5 Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic salt meadows
15.6 Mediterraneo-nemoral saltmarsh scrubs
15.8 Mediterranean salt steppes
15 A Continental salt steppes and saltmarshes
16.2 Dunes
17.3 Sea kale communities
21 Coastal lagoons
22.11 Lime-deficient oligotrophic waterbodies
22.341 Short Mediterranean amphibious swards
24.2 River gravels
34.5 Mediterranean xeric grasslands
35.7 Mediterraneo-montane mat-grass swards
41.1 Beech forests
41.1C1 Illyrian woodrush-beech forests
41.7 Thermophilous and supra-Mediterranean oak woods
41.736 East Adriatic white oak woods
41.73751 Illyrian hop-hornbeam white oak woods
41.8 Mixed thermophilous forests
42.62 Western Balkanic black pine forests
42.621 Dinaro-Pelagonian Pinus nigra forests
42.6215 Illyrian submediterranean Pinus nigra forests
42.83 Stone pine forests
42.A Western Palaearctic cypress, juniper and jew forests
44.43 Southeast European ash-oak-alder forests
44.4326 Istrian ash-oak-alder forests
45 Kermes oak forests
53.3 Fen-sedge beds
54.12 Hard water spring mires
65 Caves
Appendix V.
Prepared according to materials submitted by: Jasenka Topic, Ph D, Department of Botany,
Faculty of Natural Scineces, Zagreb
List of endangered habitat types present in Croatia are marked with one *
Note: some new habitat types proposed to be added to this list (specific for Croatia) are described shortly here.
Biogeographical regions are added: M-Mediterranean, P-Pannonic, C-continental, A-Alpine
1 . COASTAL AND HALOPHYTIC COMMUNITIES
11. OCEAN AND SEAS, MARINE COMMUNITIES
11.2 Benthic communities
! 11.22 Sublittoral soft seabeds
! 11.24 Sublittoral rocky seabeds and kelp forests
! 11.25 Sublittoral organogenic concretions
! 11.26 Sublittoral cave communities
! 11.27 Soft sediment littoral communities
! 11.3 Sea‑grass meadows
11.4 Brackish sea vascular vegetation
! 11.42 Marine spike‑rush beds
12. SEA INLETS AND COASTAL FEATURES
! 12.7 Sea‑caves
13. ESTUARIES AND TIDAL RIVERS
! 13.2 Estuaries (M) *
! 14. MUD FLATS AND SAND FLATS
15. SALTMARSHES, SALT STEPPES, SALT SCRUBS, SALT FORESTS
15.1 Annual salt pioneer swards
! 15.1132 Venetian glasswort swards (M) *
! 15.114 Iberian glasswort swards
! 15.115 Continental glasswort swards
! 15.13 Sea‑pearlwort communities
! 15.14 Central Eurasian crypsoid communities
15.3 Boreo‑nemoral coastal salt meadows
! 15.32 Atlantic lower schorre communities
! 15.33 Atlantic upper schorre communities
! 15.34 Atlantic brackish saltmarsh communities
! 15.4 Suboceanic inland salt meadows
! 15.5 Mediterranean salt meadows (M) *
! 15.6 Mediterraneo‑Nemoral saltmarsh scrubs (M) *
! 15.7 Mediterraneo‑Canarian xero‑halophile scrubs
! 15.8 Mediterranean salt steppes (M) *
! 15.9 Mediterranean gypsum scrubs
! 15.A Continental salt steppes and saltmarshes (M) *
16. COASTAL SAND DUNES AND SAND BEACHES
! 16.2 Dunes (M) *
! 16.3 Humid dune‑slacks
17. SHINGLE BEACHES
! 17.3 Sea kale communities (M) *
1A. COASTAL AGROSYSTEMS
! 1A.1 Machair
2 . NON-MARINE WATERS
! 21. COASTAL LAGOONS (M) *
22. STANDING FRESH WATER
22.1 Permanent ponds and lakes (M) *
! 22.11 Lime‑deficient oligotrophic waterbodies
22.3 Amphibious communities
! 22.31 Euro‑Siberian perennial amphibious communities (CP) *
22.32 Euro‑Siberian dwarf annual amphibious swards
! 22.321 Dwarf spike‑rush communities (CP) *
! 22.322 Dune‑slack centaury swards
22.323 Dwarf toad‑rush communities
! 22.3232 Small galingale swards
! 22.3233 Wet ground dwarf herb communities
22.34 Mediterraneo‑Atlantic amphibious communities
! 22.341 Short Mediterranean amphibious swards (M) *
! 22.342 Tall Mediterranean amphibious swards
! 22.344 Serapias grasslands
22.35 Central Eurasian amphibious communities
! 22.351 Pannonic riverbank dwarf sedge communities
22.4 Euhydrophyte communities
22.41 Free‑floating vegetation
! 22.412 Frogbit rafts (CP) *
! 22.413 Water‑soldier rafts (CP) *
! 22.414 Bladderwort colonies (CP) *
! 22.415 Salvinia covers (CP) *
! 22.416 Aldrovanda communities
22.43 Rooted floating vegetation
22.431 Floating broad‑leaved carpets
! 22.4316 Sacred lotus beds
22.432 Shallow‑water floating communities
! 22.4321 Water crowfoot communities (CP) *
! 22.4323 Water violet beds (CP) *
! 22.44 Chandalier algae submerged carpets (C) *
! 22.5 Turlough and lake‑bottom meadows
23. STANDING BRACKISH AND SALT WATER
! 23.1 Athalassal saline lakes
! 23.3 Salt lake islands
24. RUNNING WATER
! 24.2 River gravel banks (MC) *
! 24.422 Tufa stream vegetation (MC) *
Euhydrophyte moss and algae communities of Palearctic streams poor in nutrients but rich in lime, forming infra-aquatic tufa deposits.
This type of vegetation is important for some karstic rivers (Krka National Park) including continental and mediterranean part of flow with specific habitats. The habitat is endangered by hydroacumulation bodies and dams causing the change in water regime, as well as by eutrofication.
! 24.423 Tufa cascade vegetation (MC) *
Euhydrphyte moss and algae communities of streams poor in nutrients but rich in lime, forming large, structuring, tufa deposits, with a complex arrangement of subcommunities, characteristic, in particular , of the karst region of the eastern Adriatic.Unique cascades on Krka river, Korana river and National park of Plitvice are endangered by hydroacumulation bodies and dams, or by eutrofication, causing the overgrowing of cascades by bushes and trees and breaking them down.
3 . SCRUB AND GRASSLAND
31. TEMPERATE HEATH AND SCRUB
! 31.1 European wet heaths
! 31.2 European dry heaths (C) *
! 31.3 Macaronesian heaths
31.4 Alpine and boreal heaths
31.42 Alpenrose heaths
! 31.424 Carpathian Kotschy's alpenrose heaths
! 31.425 Balkan Kotschy's alpenrose heaths
! 31.46 Bruckenthalia heaths
! 31.7 Hedgehog‑heaths
31.8 Western Eurasian thickets
31.8B South‑eastern deciduous thickets
! 31.8B1 Pannonic and sub‑Pannonic thickets
32. SCLEROPHYLLOUS SCRUB
32.2 Thermo‑Mediterranean shrub formations
! 32.22 Tree‑spurge formations
! 32.24 Palmetto brush
! 32.25 Mediterranean pre‑desert scrub
! 32.26 Thermo‑Mediterranean broom fields (retamares)
! 32.2B Cabo de Sao Vicente brushes
! 32.B Illyrian garrigues (M)*
Shrubby formations, often low, of the meso- and occasionally supra-Mediterranean zones of the Adriatic coast and islands, composed of sclerophylous heliophytes, such as Rosmarinus officinalis, Erica arborea, Erica manipuliflora, Cistus incanus, Cistus monspeliensis, Cistus salviifolius, Pistacia lentiscus, with a number of geophytes such as mediterranean orchids, Crocus ssp., Romulea bulbocodium, Colchicum ssp.
These habitats (communities Erico-Rosmarinetum, Erico-Cistetum cretici, Cisto-Ericetum arboreae) are endangered by abandoning traditional agriculture (extensive sheep grazing), fireing and cutting off, reforestration with Pinus halepensis and vegetation succession toward the mediterranean forests. Such areas represents not only the biological diversity (several times more plant species than climat zonal forest), but also the landsape peculiarity of Adriatic coast.
! 33. PHRYGANA
34. STEPPES AND DRY CALCAREOUS GRASSLANDS
34.1 Middle European pioneer swards
34.11 Middle European rock debris swards
! 34.112 Houseleek communities
! 34.2 Lowland heavy metal grasslands
! 34.3 Dense perennial grasslands and middle European steppes (C) *
! 34.5 Mediterranean xeric grasslands (M) *
! 34.9 Continental steppes
! 34.A Sand steppes
35. DRY SILICEOUS GRASSLANDS
35.1 Atlantic mat‑grass swards and related communities
! 35.11 Mat‑grass swards (C) *
! 35.7 Mediterraneo‑montane mat‑grass swards (M) *
37. HUMID GRASSLAND AND TALL HERB COMMUNITIES
37.1 Lowland tall herb communities
! 37.13 Continental tall herb communities
! 37.14 Eastern nemoral tall herb communities
! 37.2 Eutrophic humid grasslands (CP) *
! 37.3 Oligotrophic humid grasslands (C) *
! 37.4 Mediterranean tall humid grasslands
37.7 Humid tall herb fringes
37.71 Watercourse veils
! 37.711 Angelica archangelica fluvial communities
! 37.712 Angelica heterocarpa fluvial communities
! 37.713 Marsh mallow screens
38. MESOPHILE GRASSLANDS
38.2 Lowland high meadows
38.23
! 38.237 Illyrian submontane hay meadows (C) *
Submontane mesophile hay meadows of the beech level of the Dinarides, within the range of the Fagion illyricum, dominated by Trisetum flavescens, with Poa pratensis, Arrhenatherum elatius , Festuca pratensis, Achemilla xanthochlora. The meadows of Alchemillo-Trisetetum are endangered by both the abandoning of mawing and excessive manuring, the latter causing the development of Arrhenatheretum, much poorer community in plant species.
! 38.25 Continental meadows (C) *
4 . FORESTS
41. BROAD‑LEAVED DECIDUOUS FORESTS
! 41.1 Beech forests (C) *
! 41.2 Oak‑hornbeam forests (CP) *
! 41.4 Mixed ravine and slope forests (C) *
! 41.5 Acidophilous oak forests (C)
! 41.6 Quercus pyrenaica forests
! 41.7 Thermophilous and supra‑Mediterranean oak woods (MC) *
! 41.8 Mixed thermophilous forests (MC) *
! 41.H Euxino‑Hyrcanian mixed deciduous forests
42. TEMPERATE CONIFEROUS FORESTS
42.1 Western Palaearctic fir forests
! 42.124 Dinaric calcareous block fir forests (C) *
Abies alba-dominated forests of calcareous block slopes of the Dinarides, in Croatia mostly in Gorski kotar(western Croatia). They include primaeval and near natural forests of considerable biological and aesthetic value.In addition to Abies alba, there grow Juniperus nana, Calamagrostis varia, Rosa pendulina, Clematis alpina, Ribes petraeum, Cirsium erisithales, mosses and ferns. Being there on the verge of its ecological possibilities, Abies alba is very sensitive to climate changes and air pollution.
! 42.1322 Illyrian acidophile fir forests (C) *
Acidophile fir forest of the montane and submontane levels of the Dinarides, developed in stations edaphically or microclimatically unfabourable to beech, dominated by Abies alba with a varying admixture of Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica, with a mixture of illyrian (Fagion illyricum) and boreal (Piceion) species, unusually rich in ferns and mosses.
Rare habitat in Dinarides with relatively small area of acidophilous forest (Blechno-Abietetum) is, due to high quality of Abies alba trunks (height to 30m), potentially endangered by excessive cutting.
! 42.15 Southern Apennine silver fir forests
! 42.16 Southern Balkan silver fir forests
! 42.17 Balkano‑Pontic fir forests
! 42.19 Afro‑Asian fir forests
42.2 Western Palaearctic orogenous spruce forests
! 42.21 Alpine and Carpathian sub‑alpine spruce forests
! 42.22 Inner range montane spruce forests
! 42.23 Hercynian subalpine spruce forests
42.24 Sub‑Mediterranean Norway spruce forests
! 42.241 Rhodope spruce forest
! 42.243 Montenegrine spruce forest
! 42.244 Paeonian spruce forest
! 42.245 Balkan Range spruce forest
42.25
! 42.255 Dinaric spruce forests (C) *
Spruce forests of the subalpine, montane or submontane levels of the Dinarides, dominated by Picea abies on calcareous block slopes, karst-dolines and dolomite rendzina containing both illyrian and boreal plants, acidophylous as well as calciphilous ones. These forests are mostly virgin forests or near-natural forests of biological and landscape value. The only thread is the use of spruce wood, which is of excellent hardness quality, due to very slow growth.
! 42.27 Omorika spruce forests
! 42.28 Oriental spruce forests
42.3 Alpine larch‑arolla forests
! 42.31 Eastern Alpine siliceous larch and arolla forests
! 42.32 Eastern Alpine calcicolous larch and arolla forests
! 42.35 Carpathian larch and arolla forests
! 42.36 Larix polonica forests
42.4 Mountain pine forests
! 42.41 Rusty alpenrose mountain pine forests
! 42.42 Xerocline mountain pine forests
42.5 Western Palaearctic Scots pine forests
! 42.51 Caledonian forest
42.52 Middle European Scots pine forests
42.523 Western Eurasian steppe pine forest
! 42.5232 Sarmatic steppe pine forest
! 42.5233 Carpatian steppe pine frests
! 42.5234 Pannonic Scots pine steppe woods
42.54 Spring heath Scots pine forests
! 42.542 Carpatian relict calcicolous Scots pine forest
! 42.5C South‑eastern European Scots pine forests (C) *
! 42.5F Ponto‑Caucasian Scots pine forests
42.6 Black pine forests
! 42.61 Alpino‑Apennine Pinus nigra forests
! 42.62 Western Balkan Pinus nigra forests (MC) *
! 42.63 Salzmann's pine forests
! 42.64 Corsican laricio pine forests
! 42.65 Calabrian laricio pine forests
! 42.66 Banat and Pallas' pine forests
! 42.7 High oro‑mediterranean pine forests
42.8 Mediterranean pine woods
42.81 Maritime pine forests
! 42.811 Charente pine‑holm oak forests
! 42.812 Aquitanian pine‑cork oak forests
! 42.814 Iberian maritime pine forests
! 42.82 Mesogean pine forests
! 42.83 Stone pine forests (M) *
42.84 Aleppo pine forests
! 42.841 Iberian Aleppo pine forests
! 42.842 Balearic Aleppo pine forests
! 42.843 Provenço‑Ligurian Aleppo pine forests
! 42.844 Corsican Aleppo pine woods
! 42.845 Sardinian Aleppo pine woods
! 42.846 Sicilian Aleppo pine woods
42.847 Italic Aleppo pine forests
! 42.8471 Gargano Aleppo pine forests
! 42.8472 Metapontine Aleppo pine forests
! 42.8473 Umbrian Aleppo pine forests
! 42.848 Hellenic Aleppo pine forests
! 42.849 Illyrian Aleppo pine forests
! 42.84A East Mediterranean Aleppo pine forests
! 42.85 Aegean pine forests
! 42.9 Canary Island pine forests
! 42.A Western Palaearctic cypress, juniper and yew forests (CM) *
! 42.B Western Palaearctic cedar forests
44. TEMPERATE RIVERINE AND SWAMP FORESTS AND BRUSH
! 44.1 Riparian willow formations (CP) *
! 44.2 Boreo‑alpine riparian galleries (C) *
! 44.3 Middle European stream ash‑alder woods (C) *
44.4 Mixed oak‑elm‑ash forests of great rivers
! 44.41 Great medio‑European fluvial forests
! 44.43 South‑east European ash‑oak‑alder forests (C) *
! 44.44 Po oak‑ash‑alder forests
! 44.5 Southern alder and birch galleries
44.6 Mediterraneo‑Turanian riverine forests
! 44.66 Ponto-Sarmatic mixed poplar riverine forest
! 44.69 Irano-Anatolian mixed riverine forests
! 44.7 Oriental plane and sweet gum woods
! 44.8 Southern riparian galleries and thickets
44.9 Alder, willow, oak, aspen swamp woods
44.91 Adler swamp woods
44.911 Meso-eutrophic swamp alder woods
! 44.9115 Eastern Carpathian alder swamp woods
! 44.914 Steppe swamp alder woods
! 44.A Birch and conifer mire woods (C) *
! 44.B Euxino‑Hyrcanian wet ground forests
! 45. TEMPERATE BROAD‑LEAVED EVERGREEN FORESTS (M) *
5 . BOGS AND MARSHES
51. RAISED BOGS
! 51.1 Near‑natural raised bogs
! 52. BLANKET BOGS
53. WATER‑FRINGE VEGETATION
! 53.3 Fen‑sedge beds (CM) *
54. FENS, TRANSITION MIRES AND SPRINGS
54.1 Springs
! 54.12 Hard water springs (MC) *
! 54.2 Rich fens (C) *
! 54.3 Arcto‑alpine riverine swards
54.4 Acidic fens
54.42 Black-white-star sedge fens
! 54.426 Peri-Danubian black-white-star sedge fens
! 54.483 Illyrian sedge-beak-sedge fens (C) *
Specific acidic fen community of the Illyrian region composed of Carex nigra, Carex echinata, Carex flava, Eriophorum angustifolium and Rynchospora alba. Being more spread in Croatia in past, now is progressively and rapidly decreasing its area and loosing the characteristic fen species. At the moment only fragments occur in Hrvatsko Zagorje and Banovina. They are endangered by anthropogeneous influence (manuring of surrounding area), changes in water regime, longterm climate changes, vegetation succession.
! 54.5 Transition mires
! 54.6 White beak‑sedge and mud bottom communities
! 54.8 Aapa mires
! 54.9 Palsa mires
! 54.A Polygon mires
6 . INLAND ROCKS, SCREES AND SANDS
61. SCREES
61.3 Western Mediterranean and thermophilous screes
61.31 Peri‑Alpine thermophilous screes
! 61.313 Paris Basin screes
! 64. INLAND SAND DUNES (CP)*
! 65. CAVES (M)*
9 . WOODED GRASSLANDS AND SCRUBS
91. PARKLANDS
! 91.2 Dehesa
! 93. WOODED STEPPE
Emerald habitat list –
proposed new subterranean habitats specific for Croatia
Prepared by Sanja Gottstein-Matocec. Ph D
Department of Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Zagreb
Croatian subterranean habitats, such as deep, moist sinkholes and limestone glades, and some alluvial deposits, have numerous relictual organisms. A high degree of endemism occurs in animal species in the limestone glades of the Dinarides. Some troglobites and stygobites are extremely rare as well as their habitats and microhabitats. Since some subterranean species are endemic to a single locality or a small cluster of localities, and many subterranean habitats have been disturbed and polluted, it is possible that some species have disappeared.
However, some important subterranean habitats that normally occur in Croatia are not covered nor defined in the Emerald classification. Unfortunately, Palaearctic habitat classification regarding presented cave habitats is not quite applicable for Croatian subterranean habitats due to the previously mentioned fact as well as that structure of the Emerald habitat classification is partly not properly organised in view of cave habitats in general.
Our proposal of revised subterranean habitat classification is appended as a separate file titled “Proposed revision on classification of Croatian subterranean habitats”. Also, we propose that omitted Croatian habitats should be added to the existing list of habitats.
These important habitats are:
65 A11 Semi caves and cave entrances
65 A12 Fossil cave
65 A21 Cave hygropetricum
65 A22 Marifugia aggregations
65 A31 Subterranean running waters
65 A311Subterranean creek (brook) waters
65 A312 Subterranean rivers
65 A3121 Endogenous cave rivers
65 A3122 Exogenous cave rivers
65 A32 Subterranean non-running waters
65 A321 Subterranean lakes
65 A322 Cave clay pools
65 A323 Rimstone pools
65 A511 Descending marine caves and pits (=12.711)
65 A6 Temporary freshwater submarine springs (vrulje, vruje)
65 B11 Superficial underground terrestrial habitats (MSS, milieu souterrain superficiel)
65 B12 Mostly dry epikarstic fissures
65 B2 Interstitial aquatic habitats
65 B23 Hypotelminorheos
65 B24 Psammolittoral
65 B241 Marine psammolittoral
65 B242 Freshwater psammolittoral
They are cave habitats that exclude area with permanent water. Crevices, rocks, layers of clay and guano deposits are examples that normally exist in subterranean terrestrial habitats.
65 A11 Semi caves and cave entrances
65 A12 Fossil cave
65 A14 Ice caves (= 65.42 – Palaearctic classification)
Specific habitats with temporary water.
Usually ephemeral habitat where sheets of water flowing over rock faces which requires special adaptations of its inhabitants (silk threads, hooks, suckers, etc.). Some conspicuously troglomorphic bathysciine beetles (Coleoptera: Catopidae: Bathysciinae) regularly occur in thin layers of water, slipping down the cave walls. These apparently obligate and microphaguos hygropetric beetles may be accompanied by the amphipod Typhlogammarus mrazeki and the endemic leech Croatobranchus mestrovi in Mt Velebit.
The old and recent aggregations of calcareous tubes of Marifugia cavatica with the community which lives among fissures of calcareous tubes. They are periodically flooded and dried up. Frequently inhabitant of this community is terrestrial gastropod Vitrea.
An important part of the functional structure of a karstic aquifer.
They are represented by drainage axis (subterranean free rivers, cave streams), characterised by a sub-horizontal circulation and periodic flooding, which can flood the galleries, totally or partially.
Running water habitat where the speed of water circulation is high. Water flows among crumbled stones and through subterranean canyons.
The seasonal flood of the subterranean rivers constitutes an important supply of organic matter – basic for maintaining the subterranean populations (swimming and benthos forms). They represent a special habitat for large aquatic vertebrate stygobites such as cave salamander Proteus anguinus.
They originate from the collection of water from the vadose zone.
They originate from surface rivers entering through sinkholes.
Subterranean habitats with no obvious circulation, various in depth and volume of water. Water in cave pools and lakes can also become supersaturated with respect to calcite, through the slow loss of CO2 from the pool surface, allowing calcite to deposit on the walls and floors of the pool.
Habitats varying in water depth and volume. The lake bottom consists of sand, calcite dust and clay. Subterranean lakes harbouring benthic and planchtonic communities that include various stygobitic invertebrates such as Porifera (Eunapius subterraneus), Turbellaria, Hydrozoa (Velkovrhia enigmatica), Gastropoda, Bivalvia (Congeria kusceri), Polychaeta (Marifugia cavatica), Hirudinea (Dina absoloni), Crustacea – Isopoda (Monolistra, Sphaeromides), Amphipoda (Niphargus), Decapoda (Troglocaris anophthalmus), etc. They represent also a special habitat for large aquatic vertebrate stygobites such as cave salamander Proteus anguinus.
They are characterised by low water, but flood periods can flood it totally or partially. Pool deposits are with clay. A fair range of copepods has been recorded from clay pools. Some of them appear to be troglobitic, but mostly they are troglophiles. Many Niphargus species are found in clay pools and for some species this may be their normal habitat.
Pool deposits are typically ornamented and irregular with many projecting crystal faces. They vary in size from a few centimetres in height to many meters in width and several meters in height. Some are formed on flat floors and some on steep flowstone slopes. Rimstone pools tend to be rough and porous in texture and much less dense than flowstone, except for those pools that are part of the flowstone slopes themselves. Some Crustaceans have been found in rimstone pools such as Isopoda (Monolistra, Proasellus) and Amphipoda (Niphargus).
65 A511 Descending marine caves and pits (=12.711 – “Proposed classification of Croatian marine habitats”)
65 A6 Temporary freshwater submarine springs (vrulje, vruje) (=12.81 – “Proposed classification of Croatian marine habitats”)
65 B Interstitial subterranean habitats
They are confined to the interconnected microspaces of the colluvions and in gravel and sand sediments, which are dry or filled by water. They are inhabited mostly by small and/or elongated organisms.
They are inhabited by communities occupying the compartment of the subterranean ecosystem that is in direct contact with the lower horizon of the soil at the depth ranging from a few centimetres to few meters. Also this type of habitat includes interconnected microspaces of the colluvions or the fissures of the superficial zones of the bedrock.
65 B11 Superficial underground terrestrial habitat (MSS, milieu souterrain superficiel) (= 65A – Emerald classification)
Mesovoid shallow substratum is formed on the lower part of the soil layer, at the depth of few centimetres to the several meters. MSS is composed of a network of small voids connected with cracks and fissures of the cave karstic system in the upper part of geological bedrock. Specific interstitial troglobitic and troglophilic invertebrates inhabit it: Coleoptera, Myriapoda, Isopoda, Aranea, Pseudoscorpiones, Collembola, Diplura etc.
Fissures in this sense, applied generally for karst area are ecotones, which are known to affect energy flow between adjacent systems – epigean world and large caves. They include any kind of discontinuity within the rock mass that is either initially open or capable of being opened by dissolution to provide a route for water movements. They constitute spatially fixed compartments in a short time scale, which separate temporarily lightened and dark environments. The diversity, abundance and spatio-temporal distribution of epikarstic fissures communities depend upon the size and distribution of penetrable spaces, organic-matter transport, and mobility of invertebrates.
They exist in the gravel, sand, clay and unconsolidated rocks in the bed of some subterranean rivers and in the bed of surface rivers, and in the deeper part of alluvial sediment. Groundwater fills the interstitial space in unconsolidated rocks, gravel, sand and clay, and forms narrow labyrinthine channels that are interconnected. Fine sediment accumulates between cobbles and gravel, mainly sand and silt, on which microorganisms develop. The animals are generally of minute size and elongated shape compared to their surface dwelling relatives, they are blind and unpigmented, and they have reduced limbs and/or elongated sensorial structures, which compensate the lack of vision.
These communities exist in soil of mountains and hills and they have a network of interstitial spaces, where the water flows with low speed above the impermeable level. The water has a horizontal circulation through humus and it has infiltration-runoff through the secondary spring, mostly as a seepage. Frequently, this soil is filled with crumbled stones and it contains numerous roots and high concentration of organic matter. This biotope has further features of subterranean environment: complete darkness and low daily and seasonal variation of temperature. The separation between hypotelminorheos and other subterranean habitats (caves) has based on high concentration of organic matter in hypotelminotheos as a significant food supply. The separation between hypotelminotheos and other soil habitat has based on existence of running water in hypotelminorheos.
Pertaining to sands along lake and seashores.
It is interstitial habitat of marine beaches. The intertidal zone, where interstitial populations are best developed, is subject to wave action and to large spatio-temporal variations in temperature and salinity. Surface layers of intertidal sand are subject to drying at low tide. Because of tidal action, water circulation and interstitial oxygen levels are higher than in freshwater beaches.
Emerald habitat list – proposed new marine habitats specific for Croatia
Prepared by Tatjana Bakran-Petricioli. Ph D
Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Zagreb
*11.26A Sublittoral community of caves and ducts in total darkness |
*12.711 Descending marine caves and pits |
*12. 8 Submerged karst |
*12.81 Vruljas (submerged temporary freshwater springs) |
*12.82 Karstic marine lakes |
*12.83 Submerged river canyons (with remains of submerged calcium tuffa barriers) |
*12.84 Submerged naked karst |
*13.24 Karstic microtidal estuaries (salt-wedge estuaries) |
Explanation:
12.711 - in submerged caves and pits that have descending character (where cold winter water can reside for the whole year) due to unique thermohaline properties of Mediterranean Sea, bathyal organisms can be found in shallow areas in the littoral zone. Finding of carnivorous sponge Asbestopluma hypogea (submarine pit on Dugi otok) and hexactinellid sponge Oopsacas minuta (in cave on southern part of Hvar island) on depths of less than 30 m are good examples.
12.81 - vrulje (submerged temporary freshwater springs) are result of the pressurized water flow in karst above sea level. That pressure can expel seawater from these channels, which are rest of ancient (before ice age) freshwater flow, down to seventy meters as in vrulja Plantaža near Starigrad (Paklenica). Majority of vrulje are in, so-called, sieve shape but some are like underwater pits (vrulja Vruja near Omiš). Organisms in vrulje are subjected to temporary salinity shocks. Although there was some research of vrulja’s geomorphological properties, very little is known about their biology. In some vrulje the deepest (natural) settlement of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis was registered (-65 m in vrulja Plantaža). Typical examples and regions: Ika (foot of Učka mountain), numerous vrulje in Velebitski channel (e.g. near Žrnovnica), in the foot of Biokovo mountain (vrulja Vruja).
12.82 - karstic marine lakes are rare karstic phenomena of Croatian coast. They are sea water bodies enclosed in limestone, which are in contact with surrounding coastal sea through fissures in karstic rocks or very narrow and shallow channels, so tides are noticeable but reduced. Almost permanent water column stratification (temperature, salinity, oxygen concentration, presence of H2S) is present in some of them. Benthic and planktonic communities in marine lakes significantly differ from communities that can be found in surrounding coastal sea. Typical examples and regions: Zmajevo Oko (Rogoznica) and Mir (Telašćica, Dugi otok). In a broader sense Mljet marine lakes can be also included in this category.
12.83 - submerged river canyons (with remains of submerged calcium tuffa barriers) of Croatian karstic rivers Zrmanja and Krka can be traced on today’s seabed. Even some ancient tuffa barriers were found in such canyons, which were submerged after the last glaciation during quaternary sea level rise.
12.84 - submerged naked karst is rare worldwide (usually submerged karst is covered with sediment). Marine communities live on such formations, especially coralligenous biocenosis which is already listed as important. Example for such habitat is submerged naked karst in Rivanj channel in Zadar County.
13.24 - karstic microtidal estuaries (salt-wedge estuaries) were formed when, due to quaternary sea level rise, seawater entered into the river mouth and canyons formed in limestone. Seawater slips under the freshwater towards the nearest active calcium tuffa barrier (the last along the river flow, in Krka river is almost 40 km towards the land, in Zrmanja river 14 km) forming a karstic salt wedge estuary with very pronounced stratification. Many specific biogeochemical processes are taking place there. Different aspects of our karstic estuaries are relatively well researched except for benthos. Typical examples and region: river Krka and Zrmanja (middle Dalmatia).
We also propose that another human influenced (made) habitat should be added to the Palaearctic habitat classification: maricultural areas due to recent increase in such activities and their significant environmental impact:
82.5 Maricultural areas (areas of seabed and water column used by mariculture)
82.51 Fish farms
82.52 Oyster and mussel farms
Appendix VI.
Preliminary list of
Sites of geological interest in Croatia
Sites of geological interest as possible element of ecological network
Appendix VII.
Proposal of the List of Palearctic habitat types
TERRESTRIAL HABITATS IN CROATIA
extract for Croatia from the Palearctic habitat types list,
completed with new proposed habitat types
Prepared by: Jasenka Topić and Ljudevit Ilijanić
15 SALTMARSHES, SALTSTEPPES, SALT SCRUBS
15.1 Annual salt pioneer swards
15.11 Glasswort swards
15.113 Mediterranean glasswort swards
15.1133 Mediterranean glasswort-seabblite-saltwort swards
15.11331 Upper shore Mediterranean glasswort swards
15.11332 Mediterranean annual seablite and saltwort swards
15.4 Continental salt steppes
15.44 Pannonic salt steppes
15.5 Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic salt meadows
15.51 Mediterranean tall rush saltmarshes
15.511 Euro-Mediterranean coastal tall rush saltmarshes
15.52 Mediterranean short rush-sedge-barley-clover coastal saltmeadows
15.53 Mediterranean halo-psammophile meadows
15.531 Euro-Mediterranean coastal halo-pasammopile meadows
15.531A East Adriatic halo-psammophile meadows
15.55 Mediterranean coastal-saltmarsh grass swards
15.56 Mediterranean saltmarsh driftlines
15.6 Mediterraneo-nemoral saltmarsh scrubs
15.61 Mediterranean saltmarsh scrubs
15.612 Shrubby glasswort thickets
15.616 Mediterranean sea-purslane-woody glasswort scrubs
15.8 Mediterranean salt steppes
15.81 Mediterranean sea-lavender salt steppes
15.812 Adriatic sea-lavender steppes
15.8123 East Adriatic sea-lavender steppes
15.8124 Dalmatian Goniolimon steppes
16 COASTAL SAND DUNES AND SAND BEACHES
16.1 Sand beaches
16.11 Unvegetated sand beaches
16.12 Sand beach driftline communities
16.123 Tethyan sand beach driftline communities
16.2 Dunes
16.21 Shifting dunes
16.211 Embryonic dunes
16.2112 Western Tethyan embryonic dunes
12.21121 Western Tethyan sand couch dunes
16.211212 Northern Mediterranean sand couch dunes
17 SHINGLE BEACHES
17.1 Unvegetated shingle beaches
17.2 Shingle beach drift lines and pioneer swards
17.23 Tethyan gravel beach communities
17.6 Gravel bank woods
18 SEA-CLIFFS NAD ROCKY SHORES
18.1 Sea-cliff faces, seaside rocks
18.2 Sea-cliff and rocky shore aerohaline communities
18.22 Tethyan sea-cliff communities
18.221 Western Tethyan sea-cliff communities
18.2211 East Adriatic sea-cliff communities
18.2211A Karst knapweed cliffs
18.2211B Dalmatian knapweed cliffs
18.2211C Stands with Euphorbia dendroides
18.2211D Vardean cliff community (see also 62.1164)
18.2212 Rocky shores
18.2212A East Adriatic rocky shores community with Limonium cancellatum
18.2212B East Adriatic rocky shores community with Limonium anfractum
18.2212C East Adriatic rocky shores community with Limonium vestitum
19 ISLETS, ROCK STACKS, REEFS, SHOALS
19.1 Lithogenic rock stacks and islets
19.2 Surface und underwater rocks
19.3 Barrier islands, spits
19.4 Banks and shoals
2. NON-MARINE WATERS
21. COASTAL LAGOONS
21.1 Sea-connected lagoons
22. STANDING FESHWATER
22.1 Permanent freshwater ponds and lakes
22.11 Lime-deficient oligotrophic waterbodies
22.12 Mesotrophic waterbodies
22.13 Europhic waterbodies
22.15 Lime-rich oligo-mesotrophic waterbodies
22.16 Lacustrine benthic communities
22.2 Temporary freshwater bodies
22.21 Lime-defficient oligotrophic temporary waterbodies
22.22 Mesotrophic temporary waterbodies
22.23 Eutrophic temporary waterbodies
22.25 Lime-rich oligo-mesotrophic temporary waterbodies
22.26 Lake muds, sands and shingles
22.27 Temporary waterbody benthic communities
22.3 Amphibious macrophyte communities
22.31 Euro-Siberian perennial amphibious communities
22.312 Spike-rush shallow-water swards
22.312A Marsilea beds
22.32 Euro-Siberian dwarf annual amphibious swards
22.321 Dwarf spike-rush communities
22.323 Dwarf toad-rush communities
22.33 Bur marigold communities
22.34 Mediterraneo-Atlantic amphibious communities
22.341 Short Mediterranean amphibious swards
22.3414 Mediterranean small galingale swards
22.3415 Mediterranean Fimbristylis swards
22.3419 Mediterranean dwarf Scirpus swards
22.341A Mediterranean Eleocharis swards
22.343 Mediterranean amphibious crypsis swards
22.4 Lacustrine euhydrophite communities
22.41 Free-floating vegetation
22.411 Duckweed covers
22.412 Frogbit rafts
22.413 Water-soldier rafts
22.414 Bladderwort colonies
22.415 Salvinia covers
22.42 Rooted submerged vegetation
22.421 Large pondweed beds
22.422 Small pondweed beds
22.43 Rooted floating vegetation
22.431 Floating broad-leaved carpets
22.4311 Waterlily beds
22.43111 Nuphar beds
22.43112 Northern Nymphaea beds
22.4312 Water chesnut carpets
22.4313 Nymphoides carpets
22.4314 Broad-leaved pondweed carpets
22.4315 Amphibious bistort carpets
22.432 Shallow-water floating communities
22.4321 Water crowfoot communities
22.4322 Water starwort communities
22.4323 Water violet beds
22.44 Chandalier algae submerged carpets
22.441 Chara carpets
22.4411 Deep water Chara carpets
22.4412 Shallow water Chara carpets
22.442 Nitella carpets
22.6 Lacustrine islets
24 RUNNING WATER
24.1 Rivers and streams
24.11 Springs and mires
24.12 Epirhitral and metarhitral streams
24.13 Hyporhitral streams
24.14 Epipotamal streams
24.15 Metapotamal and hypopotamal streams
24.16 Intermittent streams
24.17 Waterfalls
24.2 River gravels
24.21 River gravel deposits
24.211 River gravel banks
24.22 River gravel communities
24.223 Montane river gravel low brush
24.224 Gravel bank thickets and woods
24.225 Mediterranean river gravel communities
24.3 River sands
24.31 River sand deposits
24.311 River sand banks
24.32 River sand communities
24.4 Euhydrophytic river vegetation
24.42 Lime rich oligotrophic river vegetation
24.421 Calciphile oligotrophic river vegetation
24.422 Tufa stream vegetation
24.423 Tufa cascade vegetation
24.43 Mesotrophic river vegetation
24.44 Eutrophic river vegetation
24.5 River muds and silts
24.51 River silt deposits
24.52 Euro-Siberian annual river mud communities
24.53 Mediterranean river mud communities
24.6 Riverbed rocks, pavements and blocks
3. SCRUB AND GRASSLAND
31 TEMPERATURE HEATH AND SCRUB
31.2 European dry heaths
31.22 Sub-Atlantic Calluna-Genista heaths
31.228 Illyrian heaths
31.22B Central European basicline heaths
31.22B3 Dinaric basicline ling heaths
31.4 Alpine and boreal heaths
31.43 Southern Palaearctic mountain dwarf juniper scrub
31.431 Mountain Juniperus nana scrub
31.432 Juniperus sabina scrub
31.4324 Dinarid Juniperus sabina scrub
31.4B Alpide high mountain greenweed heaths
31.4B1 Rayed broom heaths
31.5 Dwarf pine scrub
31.57 Pelago-Dinaride dwarf mountain pine scrub
31.6 Subalpine and oreoboreal bush communities
31.62 Subalpine and oreoboreal willow brush
31.621 Alpide willow brush
31.6216 Southeastern alpigenous willow brush
31.62161 Dinaride willow brush
31.63 Subalpine mixed brushes
31.633 Subalpine bramble bush
31.8 Western Palaearctic temperate thickets
31.81 Euro-Atlantic mesophilous thickets
31.812 Thickets of blackthorn
31.8121 Atlantic and Middle European thickets of blackthorn
31.81211 Middle European thickets of blackthorn
31.81212 Submediterranean thickets of blackthorn
31.86 Bracken fields
31.861 Sub-Atlantic bracken fields
31.862 Sub-Mediterranean bracken fields
31.863 Supra-Mediterranean bracken fields
31.87 Woodland clearings
31.871 Herbaceous clearings
31.8711 Willowherb and foxglove clearings
31.8712 Burdock and deadly nightshade clearings
31.872 Red-berried elder thickets
31.88 Common juniper scrub
31.882 Bracken fields with common juniper scrub
31.8B Subcontinental and continental deciduous thickets
31.8B2 Illyro-Adriatic deciduous thickets
31.8B21 Illyro-Adriatic oriental hornbeam thickets
31.8B22 Illyro-Adriatic mixed tkickets
31.8B23 Illyro-Adriatic Christ's thorn brush
31.8B2A Illyro-Adriatic thicket with Petteria ramentacea
31.8C Hazel thickets
31.8C4 Subcontinental hazel thickets
31.8D Deciduous scrub woodland
31.8F Mixed scrub woodland
31.8G Coniferous scrub woodland
31.8H Mountain and subalpine thickets of Rhamnus fallax
31.8I Mediterranean thickets of dalmatian raspberry
32 SCLEROPHYLLOUS SCRUB
32.1 Arborescent matorral
32.11 Evergreen oak matorral
32.114 Eastern Mediterranean oak matorral
32.1144 East Adriatic Q. ilex arborescent matorral
32.1145 East Adriatic Q. coccifera arborescent matorral
32.116 Mediterranean evergreen oak low woods
32.1161 Quercus ilex low woods
32.1162 Quercus coccifera low woods
32.12 Olive, pistacchio and myrtle matorral
32.121 Olive matorral
32.123 Pistacchio matorral
32.124 Myrtle matorral
32.13 Juniper matorral
32.131 East Adriatic matorral of Juniperus oxycedrus
32.132 Phoenician juniper arborescent matorral
32.14 Pine matorral
32.143 Alepo pine arborescent matorral
32.7 Pseudomaquis
32.71 Heleno-Balkanic pseudomaquis
32.9 Ermes
32.91 Asphodel fields
32.92 Thistle fields
32.93 Phlomis brushes
32.94 Ferula stands
32.A Spanish-broom fields
32.B Illyrian garrigues
32.B1 Illyrian kermes oak garrigues
32.B2 Illyrian rosmary garrigues
32.B3 Illyrian Cistus garrigues
32.B31 Illyrian Cistus incanus garrigues
32.B32 Illyrian Cistus salviifolius garrigues
32.B33 Illyrian Cistus monspeliensis garrigues
32.B4 Illyrian spurge garrigues
32.B41 Illyrian spiny spurge garrigues
32.B42 Illyrian unarmed spurge garrigues
32.B5 Illyrian prostrate juniper garrigues
32.B6 Illyrian sage and other labiates garrigues
32.B7 Illyrian Christ's thorn garrigues
32.B8 Illyrian broom garrigues
32.B9 Illyrian Helichrysum and other compositae garrigues
32.BA Illyrian Erica garrigues
32.BA1 Illyrian Erica arborea garrigues
32.BA2 Illyrian Erica multiflora garrigues
32.BA3 Illyrian Erica manipuliflora garrigues
34. STEPPES AND DRY CALCAREOUS GRASSLANDS
34.3 Dense perennial grasslands and middle European steppes
34.31 Sub-continental steppic grasslands
34.315 Sub-Pannonic steppic grasslands
34.316 Moesio-Carpathian steppes
34.3161 Moesio-Carpathian dry steppic grasslands
34.31611 Moesio-Carpathian grassland Danthonio-Chrysopogonetum
34.32 Sub-Atlantic semidry calcareous grasslands
34.329 Illyrian Mesobromion grasslands
34.3291 Illyrian brome-plantain grasslands
34.3292 Illyrian Sesleria grasslands
34.3293 Illyrian Molinia-Gladiolus grasslands
34.3294 Illyrian Globulario-Chrysopogonetum grasslands
34.4 Thermophile forest fringes
34.41 Xero-thermophile fringes
34.41A Sub-Mediterranean xero-thermophile fringes (Dyctamno-Ferulaginion)
34.42 Mesophile fringes
34.5 Mediterranean xeric grasslands
34.53 East Mediterranean xeric grasslands
34.531 Eastern retuse torgrass swards
34.5311 East-Adriatic retuse torgrass swards
34.5312 East-Adriatic maritime bent swards
34.5313 Starry-headed clover grasslands
34.5314 Oryzopsis grasslands
34.6 Mediterraneo-montane grasslands
34.57 Eastern sub-Mediterranean dry grasslands
34.751 Lowland savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands
34.7512 East Adriatic savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands
34.75121 East Adriatic savory-fescue-hairgrass grasslands
34.75122 East Adriatic sage-feathergrass grasslands
34.75123 East Adriatic asphodel-chrysopogon grasslans
34.75124 Dalmatian thrift grasslands
34.75125 East Adriatic Aethionema grasslands
34.752 Mountain savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands
34.7521 Rock knapweed-dwarf sedge grasslands
34.7522 Savory-edraianthus grasslands
34.7523 Mucronated sedge grasslands
34.7524 Robust moor grass grasslands
34.753 Viper's grass dry grasslands
34.7531 Viper's grass-lime sieglingia grasslands
34.7532 Spurge-chrysopogon grasslands
34.7533 Restharrow-brome grasslands
34.7534 Viper's grass-catscar grasslands
34.7535 Lousewort-dwarf sedge grasslands
34.7536 Croatian fescue-meadowgrass grasslands
34.7537 Cleistogenes grasslands
34.8 Mediterranean subnitrophilous grasslands
34.81 Mediterranean subnitrophilous grass communities
35. DRY SILICEOUS GRASSLANDS
35.1 Atlantic closed acidophilous grasslands
35.11 Mat-grass swards
35.115 Illyrian mat-grass swards
35.116 Awnless sheep's fescue swards
35.3 Mediterranean therophytic siliceous grasslands
35.32 East Adriatic decalcified grasslands
35.3A South Dinaric acidophilous grassland
36. ALPINE AND SUBALPINE GRASSLANDS
36.4 Boreo-Alpic calciphilous alpine grasslands
36.41 Closed calciphile alpine grasslands
36.417 Dinaro-Moesian oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands
36.4171 Dinaric oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands
36.41711 Dinaric pungent fescue grasslands
36.41712 Dinaric violet fescue grasslands
36.41713 Dinaric closed evergreen sedge grasslands
36.41714 Dinaric spotted cat's ear-violet fescue grasslands
36.418 Dinaro-Moesian mesophile closed calcicolous grasslands
36.4181 Dinaric rusty sedge grasslands
36.43 Calciphilous stepped and garland grasslands
36.433 Cushion sedge carpets
36.4334 Dinaric cushion sedge carpets
36.438 Oro-Moesian calciphile stripped grasslands
36.4381 Dinaric calciphile stripped grasslands
36.4382 Dinaric calciphile Edraianthus carpets
37. HUMID GRASSLAND AND TALL HERB COMMUNITIES
37.1 Lowland tall herb communities
37.11 Western nemoral tall herb communities
37.112 Subcontinental riverine tall herb stands
37.2 Eutrophic humid grasslands
37.21 Sub-Atlantic humid grasslands
37.211 Angelica stands
37.219 Wood club-rush stands
37.23 Subcontinental riverine meadows
37.231 Giant plantain meadows
37.232 Shinny spurge-long-leaved speedwell meadows
37.233 Pale clover meadows
37.234 Gratiolo officinalis-Caricetum praecox-suzae meadow
37.24 Flood swards and related communities
37.241 Tall rush pastures
37.242 Flood swards
37.243 Small rush swards
37.26 Continental humid meadows
37.263 Illyro-Pannonic riverine and humid meadows
37.3 Oligotrophic humid grasslands
37.31 Purple moorgrass meadows and related communities
37.313 Giant moorgrass swards
37.314 Giant moorgrass meadow with Lathyrus pannonicus
37.5 Mediterranean short humid grasslands
37.6 Sub-Mediterranean humid meadows
37.61 Helleno-Moesian riverine and humid clover meadows
37.611 Sub-Mediterranean humid clover meadows
37.63 East Adriatic riverine and humid meadows
37.631 Hordeo-Poetum silvicolae meadows
37.632 Oenantho-Alopecuretum bulbosi meadows
37.633 Peucedano-Molinietum litoralis meadows
37.634 Trifolio-Hordeetum secalini meadows
37.64 Illyro-Moesian riverine and humid clover meadows
37.641 Illyric humid meadows Agrostio-Hordeetum secalini
37.7 Humid tall herb fringes
37.71 Watercourse veils
37.714 Butterbur riverine communities
37.716 Continental mixed riverine screens
37.72 Shaddy woodland edge fringes
37.8 Subalpine and alpine tall herb communities
37.81 Alpic tall herb communities
37.815 Dinaric tall herb communities
37.8151 Dinaric adenostyles community
37.8152 Dinaric monkshood community
37.8153 Dinaric Laserpitium community
37.8154 Dinaric Allium victorialis community
38. MESOPHILE GRASSLANDS
38.1 Mesophile pastures
38.11 Unbroken pastures
38.13 Overgrown pastures
38.2 Lowland and collinar hay meadows
38.22 Sub-Atlantic lowland hay meadows
38.221 Xeromesophile medio-European lowland hay meadows
38.222 Hygromesophile medio-European lowland hay meadows
38.23 Medio-European submontane hay meadows
38.237 Illyrian submontane hay meadows
38.25 Continental meadows
38.251 Ponto-Pannonic mesophile hay meadows
38.2511 Rhinantho-Filipenduletum meadow
4. FORESTS
41. BROAD-LEAVED DECIDUOUS FORESTS
41.1 Beech forests
41.1C Illyrian beech forests
41.1C1 Illyrian woodrush-beech forests
41.1C2 Illyrian neutrophile beech forests
41.1C21 Illyrian collinar neutrophile beech forests
41.1C22 Illyrian montane fir-beech forests
41.1C221 Illyrian low-montane acidocline fir-beech forests
41.1C222 Illyrian low-montane neutrophile fir-beech forests
41.1C3 Illyrian thermophile beech forests
41.1C31 Illyrian coastal beech forests
41.1C32 Illyrian inland calciphile beech forests
41.1C321 Illyrian hop-hornbeam beech forests
41.1C321A Illyrian hop-hornbeam fir forests
41.1C321B Illyrian spring heath-hop-hornbeam forests
41.1C323 Illyrian Acer obtusatum beech forests
41.1C4 Illyrian subalpine beech forests
41.2 Oak-hornbeam forests
41.2A Illyrian oak-hornbeam forests
41.2A1 Illyrian sessile oak-hornbeam forests
41.2A11 Illyrian calcicline sessile oak-hornbeam forests
41.2A12 Illyrian neutrocline sessile oak-hornbeam forests
41.2A13 Illyrian acidocline sessile oak-hornbeam forests
41.2A2 Illyrian pedunculate oak-hornbeam forests
41.2A3 Illyrian submediterranean oak-hornbeam forests
41.4 Mixed ravine and slope forests
41.46 Southeastern European ravine forests
41.463 Illyrian ravine forests
41.4632 Illyrian mixed sycamore ravine forests
41.4633 Illyrian lime beech-yew ravine forests
41.5 Acidophilous oak forests
41.57 Medio-European acidophilous oak forests
41.573 Illyro-Pannonic thermophille acidophilous oak forests
41.5733 Illyro-Pannonic chesnut-sessile oak forests
41.57332 Illyrian chesnut-sessile oak forests
41.5734 Illyrian birch-sessile oak acidophilous forests
41.5734A Illyrian sessile oak-wood-rush forests
41.5734B Illyrian fescue-sessile oak forests
41.7 Thermophilous and supra-Mediterranean oak woods
41.73 Eastern white oak woods
41.736 East Adriatic white oak woods
41.737 Eastern submediterranean white oak woods
41.7375 Illyrian white oak woods
41.73751 Illyrian hop-hornbeam white oak woods
41.74 Italo-Illyrian hop-hornbeam sub-thermophilous oak woods
41.742 East Adriatic thermophile turkey oak-sessile oak woods
41.7421 East Adriatic Quercus cerris woods
41.7422 East Adriatic Quercus petraea woods
41.743 Illyrian thermophile turkey oak-sessile oak woods
41.7431 Illyrian hop-hornbeam mixed oak woods
41.7432 Illyrian black pea-sessile oak woods
41.7A Euro-Siberian steppe oak woods
41.7A1 Balkanic oak woods Quercetum frainetto-cerris
41.7A2 Tartar maple steppe oak woods
41.7A21 Pannonic steppe oak woods
41.7A211 Pannonic loess steppe oak woods
41.8 Mixed thermophilous forests
41.81 Hop-hornbeam woods
41.814 Illyrian hop-hornbeam woods
41.8141 Illyrian white oak hop-hornbeam woods
41.8142 Illyrian spring heath hop-hornbeam woods
41.82 Oriental hornbeam woods
41.822 Helleno-Balkanic oriental hornbeam woods
41.8225 East Adriatic oriental hornbeam woods
41.9 Chesnut woods
41.93 Eastern Adriatic chesnut forests
41.94 Illyrian chesnut forests
41.A Hornbeam forests
41.A2 Eastern hornbeam forests
41.A21 Illyrian hornbeam forests
41.B Birch woods
41.B1 Atlantic lowland and collinar birch woods
41.B17 Illyrian birch woods
41.B3 Hercino-Alpine birch woods
41.B35 Illyro-Moesian montane birch woods
41.B352 Dinaro-Pelagonide birch woods
41.D Aspen woods
41.D2 Lowland nemoral aspen woods
41.D3 Montane aspen woods
42. TEMPERATE CONIFEROUS FORESTS
42.1 Western Palaearctic fir forests
42.11 Neutrophile medio-European fir forests
42.112 Neutrophile Hercynio-Alpine fir forests
42.1122 Illyrian neutrophile fir forest
42.11221 Illyrian neutrophile spruce fir forests
42.11222 Illyrian neutrophile beech fir forests
42.12 Calciphile medio-European fir forests
42.124 Dinaric calcareous block fir forests
42.13 Acidophile medio-European fir forests
42.132 Acidophile Hercynio-Alpine fir forests
42.1322 Illyrian acidophile fir forests
42.1B Fir reforestation
42.1B1 Abies alba reforestation
42.2 Western Palaearctic orogenous spruce forests
42.25 Per-Alpine spruce forests
42.255 Dinaric spruce forests
42.2551 Illyro-Dinaric cold station spruce forests
42.2552 Dinaric dolomite spruce forests
42.2552A Dinaric limestone spruce forests
42.2553 Dinaric acidophilous spruce forests
42.26 Norway spruce reforestation
42.5 Western Palaearctic Scots pine forests
42.5C Southeastern European Scots pine forests
42.5C5 Dinaric spring heath Scots pine forests
42.5C52 Dinaric dolomite Scots pine forests
42.5E European Scots pine reforestation
42.6 Black pine forests
42.62 Western Balkanic black pine forests
42.621 Dinaro-Pelagonian Pinus nigra forests
42.6214 Illyrian dolomite Pinus nigra forests
42.62141 Illyrian Pinus nigra forests with woody milkwort
42.6215 Illyrian submediterranean Pinus nigra forests
42.622 Pinus dalmatica forests
42.67 Black pine reforestation
42.8 Mediterranean pine woods
42.83 Stone pine forests
42.83A Adriatic stone pine forests
42.83B Pinus pinaster reforestation
42.84 Aleppo pine forests
42.849 Adriatic Aleppo pine forests
42.A Western Palaearctic cypress, juniper and jew forests
42.A7 Western Palaearctic yew woods
42.A78 Dinaric yew woods
42.AA Phoenicean and Lycian juniper woods
42.AA1 Mediterranean Phoenician and Lycian juniper woods
42.AA11 Mediterranean Phoenician juniper woods
44. TEMPERATE RIVERINE AND SWAMP FORESTS AND BRUSH
44.1 Riparian willow formations
44.11 Orogenous riverine forests
44.111 Pre-Alpine willow-tamarisk brush
44.112 Pre-Alpine and sea-buckthorn brush
44.12 Lowland and collinar riverine willow scrub
44.121 Almond willow-osier scrub
44.13 Middle European white willow forests
44.132 Eastern European poplar-willow forests
44.132A White willow forests
44.132B White willow-crack willow forests
44.132C Willow-black poplar forests
44.132D Black and white poplar forests
44.14 Mediterranean tall willow galleries
44.141 Mediterranean white willow galleries
44.1412 Eumediterranean white and crack willow galleries
44.1412A Tamarisk galleries
44.2 Boreal-Alpine river galleries
44.21 Grey alder galleries (Alnion incanae)
44.211 Mixed adler galleries (Alnetum glutinoso-incanae)
44.3 Middle European stream ash-alder woods
44.31 Ash-alder woods of rivulets and springs
44.311 Sedge ash-alder woods
44.33 Ash-alder woods of slow rivers
44.331 Central European slow river floodplain woods
44.3311 Central European slow river ash-alder woods
44.333 Ponto-Pannonic tall herb ash-alder woods
44.4 Mixed oak-elm-ash forests of great rivers
44.43 Southeast European ash-oak-alder forests
44.431 Illyrian ash-alder forests
44.4311 Illyrian snow-flake ash-oak forests
44.4312 Illyrian greenweed oak-ash forests
44.4313 Illyrian riparian oak-hornbeam forests
44.432 Helleno-Balkanic ash-oak-alder forests
44.4326 Istrian ash-oak-alder forests
44.433 Pannonic ash-oak-alder forests
44.9 Alder, willow, oak, aspen swamp woods
44.91 Alder swamp woods
44.911 Meso-eutrophic swamp alder woods
44.9112 Elongated-sedge swamp alder woods
44.92 Willow carrs and fen scrubs
44.921 Grey willow carrs
44.9212 Central European grey willow carrs
44.A Birch and conifer mire woods
44.A1 Sphagnum birch woods
44.A12 Sedge sphagnum birch woods
45. TEMPERATE BROAD-LEAVED EVERGREEN FORESTS
45.3 Holm-oak forests
45.31 Meso-Mediterranean holm-oak forests
45.319 Illyrian holm-oak woodland
45.32 Supra-Mediterranean holm-oak woods
45.325 Illyrian supra-Mediterranean holm oak woods
45.4 Kermes oak forests
45.5 Eurasian continental lauriphyllous forests
45.51 Mediterraneo-Atlantic laurel-oak woodland
5. BOGS AND MARSHES
53. WATER-FRINGE VEGETATION
53.1 Reed beds
53.11 Common reed beds
53.111 Flooded Phragmites beds
53.1111 Freshwater Phragmites beds
53.1112 Saline water Phragmites beds
53.112 Dry Phragmites beds
53.1121 Dry freshwater Phragmites beds
53.1122 Dry saline Phragmites beds
53.12 Common clubrush beds
53.13 Reedmace beds
53.131 Great reedmace beds
53.132 Lesser reedmace beds
53.133 Laxmann's reedmace beds
53.134 Small reedmace beds
53.14 Medium-tall waterside communities
53.141 Arrowhead communities
53.142 Neglected bur-reed communities
53.143 Erect bur-reed communities
53.144 Sweet flag communities
53.145 Flowering rush communities
53.146 Water dropwort-great yellowcress communities
53.147 Water horsetail beds
53.148 Water parsnip communities
53.149 Mare's tail stands
53.14A Common spikerush beds
53.14B Iris beds
53.15 Water-fringe grass beds
53.151 Sweetgrass beds
53.1511 Reed sweetgrass beds
53.152 Eurasian Leersia beds
53.16 Reed canary-grass beds
53.17 Halophile clubrush beds
53.2 Large sedge communities
53.21 Large Carex beds
53.212 Slender tufted sedge beds and related communities
53.2121 Slender tufted sedge beds
53.2122 Lesser pond sedge beds
53.213 Greater pond sedge beds
53.214 Bottle, bladder and slender sedge beds
53.2141 Bottle sedge beds
53.2142 Bladder sedge beds
53.215 Tufted sedge and sward sedge tussocks
53.2151 Tufted sedge tussocks
53.216 Greater tussock sedge tussocks
53.218 Cyperus sedge tussocks
53.219 Fox sedge tussocks
53.2191 True fox sedge tussocks
53.2192 False fox sedge tussocks
53.22 Tall galingale beds
53.221 Common galingale beds
53.3 Fen-sedge beds
53.33 Riparian Cladium beds
53.4 Small reed beds of fast-flowing waters
53.5 Tall rush swamps
53.6 Riparian cane formations
53.61 Mediterraneo-Pontic Ravenna cane communities
53.611 Adriatic Imperata cylindrica communities
53.62 Provence cane beds
54. FENS, TRANSITION MIRES AND SPRING MIRES
54.1 Spring mires
54.12 Hard water spring mires
54.122 Middle European calcareous spring mires
54.1221 Hard water bryophyte springs
54.124 Illlyro-Balkanic calcareous spring mires
54.2 Rich fens
54.21 Black bogrush fens
54.214 Illyrian black bogrush fens
54.23 Subcontinental Davall sedge fens
54.236 Dinaric carnation-tawny sedge fens
54.2F Middle European flat sedge fens
54.4 Acidic fens
54.48 Illyro-Moesian acidic fens
54.483 Illyrian sedge-beak-sedge fens
54.483A Illyrian Rynchospora alba fens
54.483B Illyrian sundew-star sedge fens
55 BOREAL TURF BOGS
55.1 Illyrian sphagnum turf bog
6. INLAND ROCKS, SCREES AND SANDS
61. SCREES, GRAVEL AND BOULDER FIELDS
61.5 Illyrian screes
61.51 Illyrian montane screes
61.511 Illyrian fern screes
61.512 Illyrian butterbur screes
61.513 Illyrian drypis screes
61.514 Illyrian candytuft screes
61.516 Illyrian mouse-ear screes
61.52 Illyrian sub-Mediterranean screes
61.521 Drypis jacquiniana screes
61.522 Illyrian scree Drypi-Linarietum simplicis
61.523 Illyrian scree Geranio-Anthriscetum fumarioidis
61.524 Illyrian scree Asplenio-Geranietum lucidi
61.525 Illyrian scree Geranietum dalmatici
62. INLAND CLIFFS AND EXPOSED ROCKS
62.1 Calcicolous chasmophyte communities
62.11 Tyrrheno-Adriatic eumediterranean calcicolous chasmophyte communities
62.116 Illyrian chasmophyte communities
62.1161 Istrio-Triestine karst chasmophyte communities
62.11613 Istrio-Triestine moehringia cliffs
62.1162 Liburnian chasmophyte communities
62.11622 Austrian viper's grass cliffs
62.11623 Liburnian meadow rue-bellflower cliffs
62.1163 Dalmatian chasmophyte communities
62.11632 Moltkia cliffs
62.11633 Centaurea cuspidata cliffs
62.1164 Vardean chasmophyte communities (see also 18.221D)
62.1165 Dalmatian fern-navelwort cliffs
62.1A Illyro-Helleno-Balkanic cinquefoil cliffs
62.1A2 Dinaro-Carpathian calcicolous chasmophyte communities
62.1A21 Dinaric calcicolous chasmophyte communities
62.1A211 Kitaibel's primrose-Clusi's cinquefoil community
62.1A212 Asplenio-Silenetum saxifragae community
62.1A214 Cerastium decalvans stands
62.1A3 Moist Dinaric calcicolous chasmophyte communities
62.1A4 Balkano-Illyrian shaded calcicolous chasmophyte communities
62.3 Pavements, rock slabs, moss and lichen carpets
62.31 Pavements, rock slabs, rock domes
62.311 Limestone pavements
62.3115 Mediterranean limestone pavements
62.4 Dry inland cliffs
62.41 Limestone dry inland cliffs
62.412 Mountain limestone cliffs
62.414 Nemoral low altitude limestone cliffs
62.415 Mediterranean limestone cliffs
62.42 Siliceous dry inland cliffs
62.424 Nemoral low altitude siliceous cliffs
62.5 Wet inland cliffs
62.51 Mediterranean wet inland cliffs
62.51A Adriatic wet cliffs
62.51A1 Adianthus capillus-veneris stands
62.51A2 Phyllitis hybrida stands
62.51A3 Selaginello-Anogrammetum community
62.52 Northern wet inland cliffs
64. INLAND DUNES
64.7 Continental inland dunes
64.71 Pannonic inland dunes
64.711 Pannonic bare sands
64.712 Pannonic dune lichen communities
64.713 Pannonic dune pioneer grasslands
64.714 Pannonic dune open grasslands
64.715 Pannonic dune closed grasslands
64.716 Pannonic dune thickets and scrubs
64.717 Pannonic dune woods
64.7171 Pannonic plain dune woods
66 VOLCANIC FEATURES
66.7 Thermal springs
66.74 Peri-Alpine thermal springs
8. AGRICULTURAL LAND AND ARTIFICIAL LANDSCAPES
81. IMPROVED GRASSLANDS
81.1 Dry improved grasslands
81.2 Humid improved grasslands
82. CROPLAND
82.1 Unbroken intensive cropland
82.11 Field crops
82.12 Market gardens and horticulture
82.2 Field margin cropland
82.3 Extensive cultivation
83. ORCHARDS, GROVES AND TREE CULTIVATION
83.1 High-stem orchards
83.11 Olive groves
83.111 Traditional olive groves
83.112 Intensive olive groves
83.12 Chesnut groves
83.13 Walnut groves
83.14 Almond groves
83.15 Fruit orchards
83.151 Northern fruit orchards
83.152 Southern fruit orchards
83.16 Citrus orchards
83.18 Other orchards
83.181 Other deciduous orchards
83.182 Other evergreen orchards
83.2 Shrub orchards and plantations
83.21 Vineyards
83.211 Traditional vineyards
83.212 Intensive vineyards
83.22 Fruit, flower and wood shrub crops
83.221 Shrub and low stem tree orchards
83.222 Shrub and dwarf tree plantations
83.3 Tall tree plantations
83.31 Conifer plantations
83.311 Native conifer plantations
83.3111 Native fir, spruce, larch, cedar plantations
83.3112 Native pine plantations
83.3113 native cypress, juniper, yew plantations
83.312 Exotic conifer plantations
83.3121 Exotic spruce, fir, larch, douglas fir, deodar plantations
83.3122 Exotic pine plantations
83.3123 Other exotic conifer plantation
83.32 Plantations of broad-leaved trees
83.321 Poplar plantations
83.3211 Poplar plantations with megaphorb herb layer
83.3212 Other poplar plantations
83.323 Exotic oak plantations
83.324 Locust tree plantations
83.325 Other broad-leaved tree plantations
83.3251 Broad-leaved deciduous plantations
83.3252 Broad-leaved evergreen tree plantations
84. TREE LINES, HEDGES, RURAL MOSAICS
84.1 Tree lines
84.2 Hedgerows
84.3 Small woodlots
84.4 Rural mosaics
84.5 Shaded crops and pastures
85. URBAN PARKS AND LARGE GARDENS
85.1 Large parks
85.11 Park woodlots
85.12 Park lawns
85.13 Park basins
85.14 Park flower beds, arbors and shrubbery
85.15 Park sub-natural communities
85.2 Small parks and city squares
85.3 Gardens
85.31 Ornamental gardens
85.32 Subsistance gardens
85.4 City block inner spaces
86. TOWNS, VILLAGES, INDUSTRIAL SITES
86.1 Towns
86.11 Urban centers
86.12 Suburban areas
86.13 Town features
86.14 Town ruins and construction sites
86.2 Villages
86.21 Village cores
86.22 Village peripheries
86.23 Village features
86.24 Village ruins and construction sites
86.3 Active industrial sites
86.31 Active extraction sites
86.32 Active industrial constructions
86.4 Old industrial sites and open spaces
86.41 Abandoned quarries
86.411 Sand, clay and kaolin quarries
86.412 Gravel quarries
86.413 Hard stone quarries
86.42 Slag heaps and other detritus heaps
86.43 Marginal and disused industrial sites
86.431 Transport network margins and disused sites
86.432 Recreation area margins and disused sites
86.433 Rubble and detritus tips
86.434 Disused industrial constructions
86.5 Rural scattered construction
86.6 Archeological sites
87. FALLOW LAND, WASTE PLACES
87.1 Fallow fields
87.2 Ruderal communities
87.3 Land reclamation forb fields
88. MINES AND UNDERGROUND PASSAGES
89. INDUSTRIAL LAGOONS AND RESERVOIRES, CANALS
89.1 Saline industrial lagoons and canals
89.11 Sea harbours
89.12 Saltworks
89.13 Other saline industrial lagoons and canals
89.2 Fresh water industrial lagoons and canals
89.22 Ditches and small canals
89.23 Indistrial lagoons and ornamental ponds
89.24 Sewage farms and sewage works
9. WOODED GRASSLANDS AND SCRUBS
91. PARKLANDS
91.3 Sub-continental parkland
92. BOCAGES
93. WOODED STEPPE
93.1 Pannonic wooded steppes
95. TREELINE ECOTONES
Appendix VIII.
extract for Croatia
Prepared by
Sanja Gottstein Matočec, Mr. sc., Research Assistant at Laboratory of Ecology,
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb
Nikola Tvrtković, PhD, Croatian Natural History Museum, Zagreb
- draft version September, 2002 -
The subterranean environment/ habitat, sensu lato, includes the karst massif (superficial underground compartment – “millieu souterrain superficiel” = MSS and different horizonts of karst considering the terrestrial and the aquatic environments), and the interstitial aquatic environment (hypotelminorheos, phreatos and hyporheos). The subterranean aquatic environment is, generally, less complex than the epigean one, with habitats having longer persistence and lower environmental fluctuations (Camacho, 1992; Danielopol et al., 1994).
65 A13 Caves of temperate and Mediterranean regions
Caves harbouring communities that include terrestrial troglobiont invertebrates, limited worldwide to a relatively small number of species belonging to a limited number of groups, and including remarkable relict species. Gastropoda, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Aranea, Myriapoda, Chilopoda (Lithobiidae), Collembola and Coleoptera (subfamilies Bathysciinae and Trechinae) are characteristic of their communities, and essentially restricted to caves of temperate and Mediterranean regions (Gottstein Matočec et al., 2001).
65 A14 Ice caves (= 65.42 – Palaearctic classification)
Specific habitats with temporary water.
Usually ephemeral habitat where sheets of water flowing over rock faces which requires special adaptations of its inhabitants (silk threads, hooks, suckers, etc.). Some conspicuously troglomorphic bathysciine beetles (Coleoptera: Catopidae: Bathysciinae: Radziella styx, Prospelaeobates bagnoloi etc.) regularly occur in thin layers of water, slipping down the cave walls. These apparently obligate and microphaguos hygropetric beetles may be accompanied by the amphipod Typhlogammarus mrazeki and the endemic leech Croatobranchus mestrovi in Mt Velebit (Sket, 2001; Gottstein Matočec et al., 2002a, b).
65 A22 Marifugia’s aggregations
The old and recent aggregations of calcareous tubes of Marifugia cavatica with the community which lives among fissures of calcareous tubes. They are periodically flooded and dried up. Frequently inhabitant of this community is terrestrial gastropod Vitrea (Matjašič, 1963)
An important part of the functional structure of a karstic aquifer (Camacho, 1992).
They are represented by drainage axis (subterranean free rivers, cave streams), characterised by a sub-horizontal circulation and periodic flooding, which can flood the galleries, totally or partially (Wilkens et al., 2000).
65 A311 Subterranean creek (brook) waters
Running water habitat where the speed of water circulation is high. Water flows among crumbled stones and through subterranean canyons (Gottstein Matočec et al., 2002b).
The seasonal flood of the subterranean rivers constitutes an important supply of organic matter – basic for maintaining the subterranean populations (swimming and benthos forms). They represent a special habitat for large aquatic vertebrate stygobites such as cave salamander Proteus anguinus (Camacho, 1992; Wilkens et al., 2000).
Subterranean habitats with no obvious circulation, various in depth and volume of water. Water in cave pools and lakes can also become supersaturated with respect to calcite, through the slow loss of CO2 from the pool surface, allowing calcite to deposit on the walls and floors of the pool.
Habitats varying in water depth and volume. The lake bottom consists of sand, calcite dust and clay. Subterranean lakes harbouring benthic and planchtonic communities that include various stygobitic invertebrates such as Porifera (Eunapius subterraneus), Turbellaria, Hydrozoa (Velkovrhia enigmatica), Gastropoda, Bivalvia (Congeria kusceri), Polychaeta (Marifugia cavatica), Hirudinea (Dina absoloni), Crustacea – Isopoda (Monolistra, Sphaeromides), Amphipoda (Niphargus), Decapoda (Troglocaris anophthalmus), etc. They represent also a special habitat for large aquatic vertebrate stygobites such as cave salamander Proteus anguinus (Gottstein Matočec et al., 2002a, b).
They are characterised by low water, but flood periods can flood it totally or partially. Pool deposits are with clay. A fair range of copepods has been recorded from clay pools. Some of them appear to be troglobitic, but mostly they are troglophiles. Many Niphargus species are found in clay pools and for some species this may be their normal habitat (Ford and Cullingford, 1976; Gottstein Matočec et al., 2002b).
Pool deposits are typically ornamented and irregular with many projecting crystal faces. They vary in size from a few centimetres in height to many meters in width and several meters in height. Some are formed on flat floors and some on steep flowstone slopes. Rimstone pools tend to be rough and porous in texture and much less dense than flowstone, except for those pools that are part of the flowstone slopes themselves. Some Crustaceans have been found in rimstone pools such as Isopoda (Monolistra, Proasellus) and Amphipoda (Niphargus) (Ford and Cullingford, 1976; Gottstein Matočec et al., 2002b).
Coastal caves with pools with no surface connection to the sea, containing salt or brackish water, which fluctuates with the tides. In pools, salinity increases with depth, from fresh water or brackish water near the surface to marine water at greater depths, often marked by a halocline. It is found in coastal limestones of continental plateaus. Specific community of stygobiont animals inhabit anhihaline caves, mostly crustaceans: Copepoda (Acanthocyclops gordani, Diacyclops antrincola),Thermosbaenacea (Monodella halophila) and Amphipoda (Hadzia fragilis, Niphargus hebereri, N. pectencoronatae, N. salonitanus, Pseudoniphargus adriaticus, Rhipidogammarus karamani, Salentinella angelieri). (Iliffe, 1992; Sket, 1996; Wilkens et al., 2000; Gottstein Matočec et al., 2001, 2002a).
Sea caves or marine caves have been recognised as a new type of habitat within the marine environment. On many islands in the Adriatic sea, extensive inland cave systems containing marine or brackish water have been discovered. Such caves have been found to contain unexpectedly rich and diverse biological communities (Wilkens et al., 2000).
65 B Interstitial subterranean habitats
They are confined to the interconnected microspaces of the colluvions and in gravel and sand sediments, which are dry or filled by water. They are inhabited mostly by small and/or elongated organisms.
They are inhabited by communities occupying the compartment of the subterranean ecosystem that is in direct contact with the lower horizon of the soil at the depth ranging from a few centimetres to few meters. Also this type of habitat includes interconnected microspaces of the colluvions or the fissures of the superficial zones of the bedrock.
65 B11 Superficial underground terrestrial habitat (MSS, milieu souterrain superficiel) (= 65A – Emerald classification)
Mesovoid shallow substratum is formed on the lower part of the soil layer, at the depth of few centimetres to the several meters. MSS is composed of a network of small voids connected with cracks and fissures of the cave karstic system in the upper part of geological bedrock. Specific interstitial troglobitic and troglophilic invertebrates inhabit it: Coleoptera, Myriapoda, Isopoda, Aranea, Pseudoscorpiones, Collembola, Diplura etc (Juberthie et al., 1980, Juberthie and Delay, 1981, Wilkens et al., 2000).
Fissures in this sense, applied generally for karst area are ecotones, which are known to affect energy flow between adjacent systems – epigean world and large caves. They include any kind of discontinuity within the rock mass that is either initially open or capable of being opened by dissolution to provide a route for water movements. They constitute spatially fixed compartments in a short time scale, which separate temporarily lightened and dark environments. The diversity, abundance and spatio-temporal distribution of epikarstic fissures communities depend upon the size and distribution of penetrable spaces, organic-matter transport, and mobility of invertebrates (Field, 1999; Wilkens et al., 2000)
They exist in the gravel, sand, clay and unconsolidated rocks in the bed of some subterranean rivers and in the bed of surface rivers, and in the deeper part of alluvial sediment. Groundwater fills the interstitial space in unconsolidated rocks, gravel, sand and clay, and forms narrow labyrinthine channels that are interconnected. Fine sediment accumulates between cobbles and gravel, mainly sand and silt, on which microorganisms develop. The animals are generally of minute size and elongated shape compared to their surface dwelling relatives, they are blind and unpigmented, and they have reduced limbs and/or elongated sensorial structures, which compensate the lack of vision (Danielopol et al., 1994; Wilkens et al., 2000).
65 B21 Phreatic water (= 65.82 – Emerald classification)
When water circulates along a network not of ducts but interstices then it is phreatic water. The régime of circulation is generally slow in the most superficial zone, and almost always it is slowest in the deepest zone. The physical-chemical variables are very constant, which seems to constitute the most adequate system for life and reproduction of the groundwater inhabitants (Camacho, 1992)
65 B22 Hyporheic interstitial communities (=hyporheos) (= 65.9 - Emerald classification)
These communities exist in soil of mountains and hills and they have a network of interstitial spaces, where the water flows with low speed above the impermeable level. The water has a horizontal circulation through humus and it has infiltration-runoff through the secondary spring, mostly as a seepage. Frequently, this soil is filled with crumbled stones and it contains numerous roots and high concentration of organic matter. This biotope has further features of subterranean environment: complete darkness and low daily and seasonal variation of temperature. The separation between hypotelminorheos and other subterranean habitats (caves) has based on high concentration of organic matter in hypotelminotheos as a significant food supply. The separation between hypotelminotheos and other soil habitat has based on existence of running water in hypotelminorheos (Meštrov, 1962; Gottstein Matočec et al., 2002a).
Pertaining to sands along lake and seashores (Wilkens et al., 2000).
It is interstitial habitat of marine beaches. The intertidal zone, where interstitial populations are best developed, is subject to wave action and to large spatio-temporal variations in temperature and salinity. Surface layers of intertidal sand are subject to drying at low tide. Because of tidal action, water circulation and interstitial oxygen levels are higher than in freshwater beaches (Ward et al., 2000).
Literature:
Alcover, J. A., 1992. Fossils and caves. Pp 199-221. In: Camacho, A. I. (ed) The Natural History of Biospeleology. Madrid, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales.
Camacho, A. I., 1992. A classification of the aquatic and terrestrial subterranean environment and their associated fauna. Pp 57-103. In: Camacho, A. I. (ed) The Natural History of Biospeleology. Madrid, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales.
Camacho, A. I., Bello, E., Becerra, J. M., Vaticon, N., 1992. A natural history of the subterranean environment and its associated fauna. Pp 171-197. In: Camacho, A. I. (ed) The Natural History of Biospeleology. Madrid, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales.
Danielopol, D. L., Creuzé des Châtelliers, M, Moeszlacher, F., Pospisil, P., Popa§, R., 1994. Adaptation of Crustacea to Interstitial Habitats: A Practical Agenda for Ecological Studies. Pp 217-243. In: Gibert, J., Danielopol, D. L., Stanford, J. A. (eds), Groundwater Ecology. San Diego, Academic Press.
Field, M. S., 1999. A lexicon of cave and karst terminology with special reference to environmental karst hydrology. Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Karst Waters Institute, 201 pp.
Ford, T. D., Cullingford, C.H.D., 1976. The Science of Speleology. London, Academic Press, 593 pp.
Gibert, J., Stanford, J. A., Dole-Olivier, M.-J., Ward, J. V., 1994. Basic Attributes of Groundwater Ecosystems and Prospects for Research. Pp 7-40. In: Gibert, J., Danielopol, D. L., Stanford, J. A. (eds), Groundwater Ecology. San Diego, Academic Press.
Gottstein Matočec, S. (ed.), Bakran-Petricioli, T., Bedek, J., Bukovec, D., Buzjak, S., Franičević, M., Jalžić, B., Kerovec, M., Kletečki, E., Kralj, J., Kružić, P., Kučinić, M., Kuhta, M., Matočec, N., Ozimec, R., Rađa, T., Štamol, V., Ternjej, I. & N. Tvrtković 2001. Croatia. Pp 2237-2287. In: Juberthie, C. & V. Decu (eds.) Encyclopaedia Biospeologica. III. Moulis, Société de Biospéologie.
Gottstein Matočec, S. (ed.), Bakran-Petricioli, T., Bedek, J., Bukovec, D., Buzjak, S., Franičević, M., Jalžić, B., Kerovec, M., Kletečki, E., Kralj, J., Kružić, P., Kučinić, M., Kuhta, M., Matočec, N., Ozimec, R., Rađa, T., Štamol, V., Ternjej, I. & N. Tvrtković 2002a. An overview of the cave and interstitial biota of Croatia. Natura Croatica 11 (Suppl. 1) (in press).
Gottstein Matočec, S., Ozimec, R., Jalžić, B., Kerovec, M., Bakran-Petricioli, T., 2002b. Raznolikost i ugroženost podzemne faune Hrvatske [Biodiversity and threatens of cave fauna in Croatia]. Zagreb, Ministry for Environment Protection and Physical Planning.
Juberthie, C., Delay, B., 1981. Ecological and biological implications of the existence of a superficial underground compartment. In: Beck, B. F. (ed.) Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on Speleology, Bowling Green 1: 203-206.
Juberthie, C., Delay, B., Bouillon, M., 1980. Extension du milieu souterrain en zone non calcaire: description d'un nouveau et de son peuplement par les Coléoptères. Mém. Biospéol. 7: 19-52.
Juberthie, C., 2000. Diversity of the karstic and pseudokarstic hypogean habitats in the world. Pp 17-39. . In: Wilkens, H., Culver, D. C., Humphreys, W. F. (eds.) Subterranean Ecosystems. Ecosystems of the World 30. Amsterdam, Elsevier.
Matjašič, J., 1963. Marifugijska favnula [Faune marifugiale]. Congres Yougoslave de Speleologie troisieme session, Sarajevo (1962), 155-156.
Meštrov, M., 1962. Un nouveau milieu aquatique souterrain le biotope hypotelminorheique. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 254: 1-3.
Iliffe, T. M., 1992. Anchihaline cave biology. Pp 613-636. In: Camacho, A. I. (ed) The Natural History of Biospeleology. Madrid, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales.
Orghidan, T., 1955. Un nou domeniu de viata acvatica subterana: “Biotopul hiporeic”. Bul. Stiint. Sect. Biol. Stiinte Agric. Sect. Geol. Geogr. 7 (3), 657-676.
Orghidan, T., 1959. Ein neuer Lebensraum des unterirdischen Wassers, das hyporheische Biotop. Arch. Hydrobiol 55: 392-414.
Sket, B., 1996. The ecology of anchihaline caves. TREE 11 (5): 221-225.
Sket, B., 2001. The hygropetric habitat in cave and its inhabitants. Pp 43. In: Trajano, E. & R. Pinto-da-Rocha (eds) Abstract of the 15th International Symposium of Biospeleology, 8-15 July 2001 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo.
Ward, J. V., Malard, F., Stanford, J. A., Gonser, T., 2000. Interstitial aquatic fauna of shallow unconsolidated sediments, particularly hyporheic biotopes. Pp 41-76. In: Wilkens, H., Culver, D. C., Humphreys, W. F. (eds.) Subterranean Ecosystems. Ecosystems of the World 30. Amsterdam, Elsevier.
Weber, A., 2000. Fish and Amphibia. Pp109-132. In: Wilkens, H., Culver, D. C., Humphreys, W. F., 2000. Subterranean Ecosystems. Ecosystems of the World 30. Amsterdam, Elsevier.
Wilkens, H., Culver, D. C., Humphreys, W. F., 2000. Subterranean Ecosystems. Ecosystems of the World 30. Amsterdam, Elsevier. 791 pp.
Appendix IX.
PROPOSAL HOW TO INCLUDE CLASSIFICATION OF BENTHIC MARINE HABITAT TYPES FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION (BARCELONA CONVENTION) INTO THE PALAEARCTIC HABITAT CLASSIFICATION FOR CROATIA
(Prepared by Tatjana Bakran-Petricioli, Ph. D., Assistant Professor of Marine Biology
September, 2002)
Last revision of Croatian habitats extracted from the list of Palearctic habitat types is not suitable considering marine habitats. On the other hand it was already noted on the level of Barcelona Convention that Palaearctic habitat classification is not quite applicable for Mediterranean marine habitats. Due to that and to the fact that there are some important marine habitats in Croatia, which are not mentioned in the Classification, we were urged to try to import Barcelona Convention classification into the Palaearctic habitat classification. Our proposal of such integration is appended as a separate file: “Proposed classification of Croatian marine habitats”. Also, we propose that omitted Croatian habitats, specific for Croatia, should be added to the list of habitats.
All the other habitats, which are highlighted in red in proposal are original habitats mentioned by Barcelona Convention (which exist in Croatia). Habitats from existing Palaearctic habitat Classification for Croatia are left in black font.
1. Some already existing habitats in the classification (for Croatia) are not applicable for Croatia and therefore they have been omitted. They are:
11.111 Blue ocean waters
11.1224 Subtropical offshore waters
11.12242 Mediterranean offshore waters
11.212 Abyssal benthic communities
11.4121 Western Tethyan marine tasselweed communities
13.22 Bar-built estuaries
13.23 Complex estuaries, firths
14. 2 Intertidal rock pavements
19.3 Barrier islands, spits
19.4 Banks and shoals
21.3 Percolation pools
21.4 Silled or sluiced ponds
21.6 Coastal lagoon islets
2. Habitat codes for benthic communities according to Barcelona Convention are added in brackets after the habitat/community name
3. Habitats according to Barcelona Convention are highlighted in red
4. Added habitats characteristic for Croatia are highlighted in blue
5. Changes which are considered necessary and important remarks are highlighted in yellow
1 . Coastal and halophytic communities
11. Ocean and seas, marine communities
11.1 Open marine waters
11.11 Oceanic waters
11.12 Shelf and slope waters
11.121 Inshore waters
11.122 Offshore waters
11.123 Continental slope
11.124 Offshore and coastal upwellings
11.1242 Minor offshore and coastal upwellings
11.125 Shoals
11.2 Benthic communities
11.21 Deep sea floor
11.211 Bathyal benthic communities (V.)
11.2111 Bathyal muds (V.1.)
11.21111 Biocenosis of bathyal muds (V.1.1.)
11.211111 Facies of sandy muds with Thenea muricata (V.1.1.1.)
11.211112 Facies of fluid muds with Brissopsis lyrifera (V.1.1.2.)
11.211113 Facies of soft muds with Funiculina quadrangularis and Apporhais seressianus (V.1.1.3.)
11.211114 Facies of compact muds with Isidella elongata (V.1.1.4.)
11.211115 Facies with Pheronema grayi (V.1.1.5.)
11.2112 Bathyal sands (V.2.)
11.21121 Biocenosis of bathyal detritic sands with Grypheus vitreus (V.2.1.)
11.2113 Bathyal hard beds and rocks (V.3.)
11.21131 Biocenosis of deep sea corals (V.3.1.)
11.21132 Caves and ducts in total darkness (also as enclave in the upper stages) (V.3.2.)
11.22 Sublittoral soft seabeds
11.221 Infralittoralsandy muds, sands, gravels and rocks in euryhaline and eurythermal environment (III.1.)
11.2211 Euryhaline and eurythermal infralittoral biocenosis (III. 1. 1.)
11.22112 Facies with Ficopomatus enigmaticus (III. 1. 1. 2.)
11.22113 Association with Potamogeton pectinatus (III. 1. 1. 3.)
11.22116 Association with Gracilaria spp. (III. 1. 1. 6.)
11.22117 Association with Chaetomorpha and Valonia (III. 1. 1. 7.)
11.22119 Association with Ulva and Enteromorpha (III. 1. 1. 9.)
11.221110 Association with Cystoseira barbata (III. 1. 1. 10.)
11.221112 Association with Cladophora and Rytiphloea tinctoria (III.1.1. 12.)
11.222 Infralittoral fine sands with more or less mud (III. 2.)
11.2221 Biocenosis of fine sands in very shallow waters (III. 2. 1.)
11.22211 Facies with Lentidium mediterraneum (III. 2.1.1.)
11.2223 Biocenosis of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters (III. 2. 3.)
11.22231 Facies with Callianassa tyrrhena and Kellia (III.2.3.1.)
11.22232 Facies with fresh water resurgences with Cerastoderma glaucum andCyathura carinata (III. 2. 3. 2.)
11.22233 Facies with Loripes lacteus, Tapes spp. (III. 2. 3. 3.)
11.22236 Association with Caulerpa prolifera on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters (III. 2. 3. 6.)
11.223 Infralittoral coarse sands with more or less mud (III. 3.)
11.2231 Biocenosis of coarse sands and fine gravels mixed by the waves (III.3.1.)
11.22311 Association with rhodolithes (III. 3. 1. 1.)
11.2232 Biocenosis of coarse sands and fine gravels under the influence of bottom currents (also found in the Circalittoral) (III.3.2.)
11.22321 Maërl facies can also be found as facies of the biocenosis of coastal detritic) (III. 3. 2. 1.)
11.22321 Association with rhodolithes (III. 3. 2. 2.)
11.224 Circalittoral muds (IV. 1.)
11.2241 Biocenosis of coastal terrigenous muds (IV. 1. 1.)
11.22411 Facies of soft muds with Turritella tricarinata communis (IV.1. 1.1.)
11.22412 Facies of sticky muds with Virgularia mirabilis and
Pennatula phosphorea (IV. 1. 1. 2.)
11.22413 Facies of sticky muds with Alcyonium palmatum and
Stichopus regalis (IV. 1. 1. 3.)
11.225 Circalittoral sands (IV. 2.)
11.2251 Biocenosis of the muddy detritic bottom (IV. 2. 1.)
11.22511 Facies with Ophiothrix quinquemaculata (IV. 2. 1. 1.)
11.2252 Biocenosis of the coastal detritic bottom (IV. 2. 2.)
11.22521 Association with rhodolithes (IV. 2. 2. 1.)
11.22522 Maërl Facies (IV. 2. 2. 2.)
11.22523 Association with Peyssonnelia rosa-marina (IV. 2. 2. 3.)
11.22527 Association with Laminaria rodriguezii on detritic (IV.2.2. 7.)
11.22528 Facies with Ophiura texturata (IV. 2. 2. 8.)
11.22529 Facies with Synascidies (IV. 2. 2. 9.)
11.225210 Facies with large Bryozoa (V. 2. 2. 10.)
11.2253 Biocenosis of shelf-edge detritic bottom (IV. 2. 3.)
11.22531 Facies with Neolampas rostellata (IV. 2. 3. 1.)
11.22532 Facies with Leptometra phalangium (IV. 2. 3. 2.)
11.2254 Biocenosis of coarse sands and fine gravels under the influence of bottom currents (IV. 2. 4.) (biocenosis found in areas under specific hydrodynamic conditions - straits-; also found in the infralittoral)
11.23 Sublittoral pebbly seabeds
11.231 Infralittoral stones and pebbles (III. 4.)
11.2311 Biocenosis of infralittoral pebbles (III. 4. 1.)
11.23111 Facies with Gouania wildenowi (III. 4. 1. 1.)
11.24 Sublittoral rocky seabeds and kelp forests (there are no kelp forests in the Adriatic and we think that kelp forests should be deleted – sublittoral rocky seabeds is clear enough)
11.2411 Biocenosis of infralittoral algae (III. 6. 1.)
11.24112 Association with Cystoseira amentacea ( var. amentacea, var.stricta, var. spicata) (III. 6. 1. 2.)
11.24115 Association with Corallina elongata (III. 6. 1. 5.)
11.24117 Association with Codium vermilara and Rhodymenia ardissonei (III. 6. 1. 7.)
11.24118 Association with Dasycladus vermicularis (III. 6. 1. 8.)
11.241113 Association with Ceramium rubrum (III. 6. 1. 13.)
11.241114 Facies with Cladocora caespitose (III. 6. 1. 14.)
11.241116 Association with Cystoseira crinita (III. 6. 1. 16.)
11.241120 Association with Sargassum vulgare (III. 6. 1. 20.)
11.241121 Association with Dictyopteris polypodioides (III. 6. 1. 21.)
11.241122 Association with Calpomenia sinuosa (III. 6. 1. 22.)
11.241123 Association with Stypocaulon scoparium (=Halopteris scoparia) (III.6.1.23.)
11.241125 Association with Cystoseira compressa (III. 6. 1. 25.)
11.241126 Association with Pterocladiella capillacea and Ulva laetevirens (III.6.1.26.)
11.241127 Facies with large Hydrozoa (III. 6. 1. 27.)
11.241132 Association with Flabellia petiolata and Peyssonnelia squamaria (III.6.1.32.)
11.241134 Association with Peyssonnelia rubra and Peyssonnelia spp. (III. 6. 1. 34.)
11.241135 Facies and Associations of Coralligenous biocenosis (in enclave) (III.6.1. 35.)
11.24117 Facies with Chondrilla nucula (III. 6.1.36.)
11.242 Circalittoral hard beds and rocks (IV. 3.)
11.2421 Coralligenous biocenosis (IV. 3. 1.)
11.24214 Association with Cystoseira corniculata (IV. 3. 1. 4.)
11.24215 Association with Sargassum spp. (indigenous) (IV. 3. 1. 5.)
11.24216 Association with Mesophyllum lichenoides (IV. 3. 1. 6.)
11.24217 Association with Lithophyllum frondosum and Halimeda tuna (IV. 3. 1. 7.)
11.242110 Facies with Eunicella cavolinii (IV. 3. 1. 10.)
11.242111 Facies with Eunicella singularis (IV. 3. 1. 11.)
11.242112 Facies with Lophogorgia sarmentosa (IV. 3. 1. 12.)
11.242113 Facies with Paramuricea clavata (IV. 3. 1. 13.)
11.242114 Facies with Parazoanthus axinellae (IV. 3. 1. 14.)
11.242115 Coralligenous platforms (IV. 3. 1. 15.)
11.2422 Semi-dark caves (also in enclave in upper stages) (IV.3. 2.)
11.24221 Facies with Parazoanthus axinellae (IV. 3. 2. 1.)
11.24222 Facies with Corallium rubrum (IV. 3. 2. 2.)
11.24223 Facies with Leptopsammia pruvoti (IV. 3. 2. 3.)
11.2423 Biocenosis of shelf-edge rock (IV. 3. 3.)
11.25 Sublittoral organogenic concretions
11.251 Corallogenic concretions There are numerous already mentioned associations and facies which belongs to this division. If this division will remain than it should be cross referenced to this associations:
11.22311 Association with rhodolithes (III. 3. 1. 1.)
11.22321 Maërl facies (III. 3. 2. 1.)
11.22321 Association with rhodolithes (III. 3. 2. 2.)
11.22521 Association with rhodolithes (IV. 2. 2. 1.)
11.22522 Maërl Facies (IV. 2. 2. 2.)
11.241135 Facies and Associations of Coralligenous biocenosis (in enclave) (III.6.1. 35.)
11.2421 Coralligenous biocenosis (IV. 3. 1.)
11.24216 Association with Mesophyllum lichenoides (IV. 3. 1. 6.)
11.24217 Association with Lithophyllum frondosum and Halimeda tuna (IV. 3. 1. 7.)
11.242115 Coralligenous platforms (IV. 3. 1. 15.)
11.252 Encrusting algae pavements This should be transferred and integrated into 11.2A because it belongs to littoral not to sublittoral
11.253 Gastropod and polychaete ledges = Biocenosis of infralittoral algae (III. 6. 1.) Facies with Vermetids (III. 6. 1. 3.)
11.254 Mussel beds = Biocenosis of infralittoral algae (III. 6. 1.) Facies with Mytilus galloprovincialis (III. 6. 1. 4.)
11.26 Sublittoral cave communities (Semi-dark cave communities) = 11.2422 Semi-dark caves (IV.3. 2.)
11.26A Sublittoral community of caves and ducts in total darkness enclave of bathyal 11.21132 Caves and ducts in total darkness (V.3.2.) in sublittoral area
11.27 Soft sediment littoral communities
11.271 Supralittoral muds (I. 1.)
11.2711 Biocenosis of beaches with slowly-drying wracks under glassworts (I.1.1.)
11.272 Supralittoral sands (I. 2.)
11.2721 Biocenosis of supralittoral sands (I. 2. 1.)
11.27211 Facies of sands without vegetation, with scattered debris (I. 2. 1. 1.)
11.27212 Facies of depressions with residual humidity (I. 2. 1. 2.)
11.27213 Facies of quickly-drying wracks (I. 2. 1. 3.)
11.27214 Facies of tree trunks which have been washed ashore (I. 2. 1. 4.)
11.27215 Facies of phanerogams which have been washed ashore (upper part) (I. 2. 1. 5.)
11.273 Mediolittoral sands (II. 2.)
11.2731 Biocenosis of mediolittoral sands (II. 2. 1.)
11.27311Facies with Ophelia (II. 2. 1. 1.)
11.28 Pebbly shore littoral communities
11.281 Supralittoral stones and pebbles (I. 3.)
11.2811 Biocenosis of slowly drying wracks (I. 3. 1.)
11.282 Mediolittoral stones and pebbles (II. 3.)
11.2821 Biocenosis of mediolittoral coarse detritic bottoms (II. 3. 1.)
11.28211 Facies of banks of dead leaves of Posidonia oceanica and other phanerogams (II.3.1.1.)
11.29 Rocky shore littoral communities (I.4. and II.4.)
11.291 Mediolittoral fringe rocks
11.292 Lower mediolittoral rocks = Biocenosis of the lower mediolittoral rock (II. 4. 2.)
11.2921 Association with Lithophyllum lichenoides (= entablature with L. tortuosum) (II. 4. 2. 1.)
11.2922 Association with Lithophyllum byssoides (II. 4. 2. 2.)
11.2923 Association with Tenarea undulosa (II. 4. 2. 3.)
11.2924 Association with Ceramium and Corallina (II. 4. 2. 4.)
11.2926 Association with Enteromorpha compressa (II. 4. 2. 6.)
11.2927 Association with Fucus virsoides (II. 4. 2. 7.)
11.2929 Association with Gelidium spp. (II. 4. 2. 9.)
11.293 Upper mediolittoral rocks = Biocenosis of the upper mediolittoral rock (II.4.1.)
11.2931 Association with Bangia atropurpurea (II. 4. 1. 1.)
11.2932 Association with Porphyra leucosticta (II. 4. 1. 2.)
11.294 Mediolittoral cave and overhang communities = Mediolittoral caves (II. 4. 3.)
11.2941 Association with Phymatolithon lenormandii and Hildenbrandia rubra (II.4.3.1.)
11.295 Mediolittoral rock pools = Biocenosis of the lower mediolittoral rock (II. 4. 2.) 11.2951 Pools and lagoons sometimes associated with vermetids (infralittoral enclave) (II. 4.2.10.)
11.296 Supralittoral rocks = Supralittoral hard beds and rocks (I. 4.)
11.2961 Biocenosis of supralittoral rock (I. 4. 1.)
11.29611 Association with Entophysalis and Verrucaria (I. 4. 1. 1.)
11.297 Supralittoral rock pools = Biocenosis of supralittoral rock (I. 4. 1.)
11.29612 Pools with variable salinity (mediolittoral enclave) (I.4.1.2.)
11.2A Littoral communities of organogenic concretions There are numerous already mentioned associations and facies which belongs to this division. If this division will remain than it should be cross referenced to this associations:
11.2A1 Encrusting algae pavements former 11.252 =11.2921 Association with Lithophyllum lichenoides (= entablature with L. tortuosum) (II.4.2.1.)
= 11.2922 Association with Lithophyllum byssoides (II. 4. 2. 2.)
= 11.2923 Association with Tenarea undulosa (II. 4. 2. 3.)
11.3 Sea-grass meadows
11.33 Mediterraneo-Pontic Cymodocea and Zostera beds
11.331 Mediterranean Cymodocea beds =
11.3311 Infralittoral biocenosis of well sorted fine sands (III. 2. 2.) Association with Cymodocea nodosa on well sorted fine sands (III. 2. 2. 1.)
11.3312 Biocenosis of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters (III. 2. 3.) Association with Cymodocea nodosa on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters (III. 2. 3. 4.)
11.332 Mediterranean Zostera beds
11.3321 Mediterranean dwarf eelgrass beds =
11.33211 Euryhaline and eurythermal infralittoral biocenosis (III. 1. 1.) Association with Zostera noltii in euryhaline and eurythermal environment (III. 1. 1. 4.)
11.33212 Biocenosis of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters (III. 2. 3.) Association with Zostera noltii on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters (III. 2. 3. 5.)
11.3322 Mediterranean eelgrass beds = Euryhaline and eurythermal infralittoral biocenosis (III. 1. 1.) Association with Zostera marina in euryhaline and eurythermal environment (III. 1. 1. 5.)
11.34 Posidonia beds (III. 5.)
11.341 Posidonia oceanica meadows (= Association with Posidonia oceanica) (III. 5. 1.)
11.3411 Ecomorphosis of striped meadows (III. 5. 1. 1.)
11.3412 Ecomorphosis of “barrier-reef” meadows (III. 5. 1. 2.)
11.3413 Facies of dead “mattes” of Posidonia oceanica without much epiflora (III. 5. 1. 3.)
11.3414 Association with Caulerpa prolifera (III. 5. 1. 4.)
11.4 Brackish sea vascular vegetation
11.41 Marine tasselweed communities
11.412 Tethyan marine tasselweed communities = Euryhaline and eurythermal infralittoral biocenosis (III. 1. 1.) Association with Ruppia maritima (III. 1. 1. 1.)
12. Sea inlets and coastal features
12.1 Open linear coasts
12.2 Semienclosed coasts
12.3 Sounds and straits
12.4 Enclosed enbayments
12.6 Rias, voes, abers
12.7 Sea-caves
12.71 Submerged sea-caves
12.711 Descending marine caves and pits
12.72 Complex sea-caves
12. 8 Submerged karst
12.81 Vruljas (submerged temporary freshwater springs)
12.82 Karstic marine lakes
12.83 Submerged river canyons (with remains of submerged calcium tuffa barriers)
12.84 Submerged naked karst
13. Estuaries and tidal rivers
13.2 Estuaries
13.21 Coastal plain estuaries
13.24 Karstic microtidal estuaries (salt-wedge estuaries)
14. Intertidal and littoral flats
14.1 Mud flats and sand flats
15. Saltmarshes, salt steppes, salt scrubs
15.1 Annual salt pioneer swards
15.11 Glasswort swards
15.113 Mediterranean glasswort swards = Biocenosis of mediolittoral muddy sands and muds (II. 1. 1.) Association with halophytes (II. 1. 1. 1.)
16. Coastal sand dunes and sand beaches
16.1 Sand beaches
16.11 Unvegetated sand beaches
17. Shingle beaches
17.1 Unvegetated shingle beaches
18. Sea-cliffs and rocky shores
18.1 Sea-cliff faces, seaside rocks
18.16 Mediterraneo-Pontic sea-cliffs and rocky shores
19. Islets, rock stacks, reefs, banks, shoals
19.1 Lithogenic rock stacks and islets
19.2 Surface and underwater rocks
19.6 Seamounts and guyots
2 . Non-marine waters
21. Coastal lagoons
21.1 Sea-connected lagoons
21.2 Isolated lagoons
65. Caves (65. A4 Anchihaline caves and pits– in direct contact with marine caves)
82. Cropland
We also propose that maricultural areas should be added to habitat list due to recent increase in such activities and their significant environmental impact:
82.5 Maricultural areas (areas of seabed and water column used by mariculture)
82.51 Fish farms
82.53 Oyster and mussel farms
89. Industrial lagoons and reservoirs, canals
89.11 Sea harbours
89.12 Saltworks = Biocenosis of mediolittoral muddy sands and muds (II. 1. 1.) Facies of saltworks (II. 1. 1. 2.)